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Bulletin No. 318 


Series 1 ® c ™°“ ic G “ lo P' «» 

l B, Descriptive Geology, 121 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 


UNITED 


STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


CHARLES I). WALCOTT, Director 


GEOLOGY OF 
OIL AND GAS FIELDS 


IN 



OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, AND 
PENNSYLVANIA 


BY 

W. T. GRISWOLD and M. J. MUNN 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907 












NIAH 31 1903 

D. ot D. 






CONTENTS. 


Part I.— General Features of the Region. 
Introduction. 

Chapter I. 1 heoretical discussion of the occurrence of petroleum and natural 
gas. 

General conditions in the Appalachian oil fields. 

Theory of accumulation of oil and gas. 

Origin. 

Movement in porous rocks. 

Places of accumulation. 

Application of theory in the Appalachian fields. 

Practical application of principles governing the accumulation of oil. 

Factors involved. 

Conditions necessary to determine subsurface structure... 

Position of sedimentary deposits when laid down. 

Summary. 

Chapter II.—Method of investigation. 

Field work. 

Construction of maps. 

Structural map of the key horizon. 

Convergence map. 

Map of oil sand. 

Chapter III.—General geology of the Steubenville quadrangle. 

Description of surface. 

Location./. 

Topographic features.. 

Geologic features showing at the surface. 

Section of rocks exposed. 

Key horizons. 

Measurement of intervals between key horizons. 

Contour map of Pittsburg coal and structure. 

Geologic features below the surface. 

Source of information. 

Convergence between beds. 

Convergence sheet. 

Discussion of conditions as shown by map of Berea sand. 

Possibility of the existence of other productive sands. 

Upper limit of saturation. 

Description of oil pools. 

Turkeyfoot pool. 

Knoxville pool. 

Island Creek pool. 

Bluck pool... 


Page. 

9 


12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

15 
15 
17 

17 

18 
20 
21 
22 
22 
23 
23 
23 

25 

26 
26 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 

27 

28 
29 

29 

30 

31 
33 
33 

33 

34 
34 

34 

35 
35 


3 










































4 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Chapter III.—General geology of the Steubenville quadrangle—Continued. 

Discussion of conditions as shown by map of Berea sand Continued. 

Description of oil pools—Continued. 

Wintersville terrace. 35 

Gas wells not from the Berea sand. 35 

Gould and McIntyre pools. 36 

Collier terrace. 36 

Chapter IV.—General geology of the Burgettstown quadrangle. 37 

Description of surface.-. 37 

Location.. 

Topographic features..-. 37 

Geologic features showing at the surface. 37 

Section of rocks exposed. 37 

Key horizons and intervals. 38 

Probable errors in measurement of intervals. 39 

Structure. 40 

Geologic features below the surface. 41 

Convergence sheet. 41 

Oil and gas sands. ‘ 43 

Discussion of conditions as shown by map of Hundred-foot sand. 45 

Description of map.. 45 

Condition of saturation. 45 

Description of oil pools.. 46 

Five Points pool. 46 

Florence pool. 46 

Burgettstown pool. 46 

West Middletown syncline. 47 

McDonald' pool. 47 

Chapter V.—General geology of the Claysville quadrangle. 48 

Description of surface. 48 

Location. 48 

Topographic features. 48 

Geologic features showing at the surface. 48 

Section of rocks exposed. 48 

Key rock and intervals to important beds. 49 

Geologic features below the surface. 50 

Important horizons. 50 

Sections of subsurface rocks. 51 

Contour map of Upper Washington limestone. 52 < 

Washington anticline. 52 

Nineveh syncline. 53 

Finney syncline. 53 

Claysville anticline. 54 

West Middletown syncline. 54 

Convergence sheet. 54 

Discussion of conditions as shown by map of Gordon sand. 57 

Description of map. 57 

Structure of Gordon sand. 57 

Description of oil and gas pools. 58 

Washington-Taylorstown oil pool. 58 

Point Lookout oil pool. 61 

Buffalo gas field. 62 

Favorable locations for new productive territory. 63 




















































CONTENTS. 


5 


Part II.—Detailed Descriptions. 

Page. 

Chapter I.—General stratigraphy.;. 67 

Introduction. 67 

Formations above the Pittsburg coal. 68 

Monongahela formation. 68 

Pittsburg coal and associated rocks. 68 

Redstone coal. 69 

Sewickley coal. 69 

Rocks between Sewickley and Uniontown coal beds. 69 

Uniontown coal. 70 

Waynesburg coal.’. 71 

Washington formation.. 71 

Waynesburg sandstone. 71 

Waynesburg “A 7 ’coal . 72 

Waynesburg “B 7 ’ coal and associated rocks. 72 

Little Washington coal. 72 

Washington sandstone. 72 

Washington coal... 73 

Lower Washington limestone and associated rocks. 73 

Middle Washington limestone. 74 

Upper Washington limestone. 75 

Greene formation. 76 

Upper Washington coal. 76 

Donley limestone. 77 

Sparta coal and associated rocks. 77 

Prosperity limestone. 77 

Dunkard coal and associated rocks. 78 

Claysville limestone and associated rocks. 78 

Nineveh coal and limestone. 78 

Formations below the Pittsburg coal. 79 

Conemaugh formation.1.. 79 

Interval between Pittsburg coal and Ames limestone. 79 

Ames limestone and coal beds. 79 

Cambridge limestone. 80 

Mahoning sandstone.. 80 

Allegheny formation. 80 

Finley coal. 80 

Roger (Upper Kittanning) coal. 81 

Middle Kittanning coal and associated rocks. 81 

Lower Kittanning coal and fire clay. 81 

Pottsville formation. 82 

Homewood sandstone. 82 

Mercer coal. 82 

Salt sand. 82 

Rocks below the Pottsville formation. 83 

Unconformity between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series 83 

Keener sand. 84 

Big Injun sand. 84 

Cuyahoga shale. 84 

Bitter Rock sand. 84 

Sunbury (“Berea”) shale.* 84 

Berea sand. 84 

Hundred-foot sand. 85 





















































CONTENTS. 


Chapter I.—General stratigraphy—Continued. Page. 

Formations below the Pittsburg coal—Continued. 

Rocks below the Pottsville formation—Continued. 

Gantz sand. 85 

Nineveh Thirty-foot sand. 85 

Gordon sand. 85 

Stray-stray sand. 86 

Fourth sand. 80 

Fifth sand. 80 

Chapter II.—Detailed geology of the Steubenville quadrangle. 87 

Knox Township, Jefferson County. Ohio. 87 

Island Creek Township, Jefferson County, Ohio. 89 

Cross Creek Township, Jefferson County, Ohio.. 91 

Steubenville Township, Jefferson County, Ohio. . 92 

Wells Township, Jefferson County, Ohio. 93 

Clay Township, Hancock County, W. Ya. 94 

Butler Township, Hancock County, W. Va./. 95 

Cross Creek and Buffalo townships, Brooke County, W. Ya. 96 

Chapter III.—Well logs used in making the Steubenville convergence sheet.. 99 

Wells in the Steubenville quadrangle. 99 

Wells in the Wellsville quadrangle. 107 

Wells in the Cadiz quadrangle. 108 

Wells in the Burgettstown quadrangle. 108 

Correlation of the Berea oil sand with sands in Pennsylvania. 109 

Chapter IV.—Detailed geology of the Burgettstown quadrangle. 114 

Hanover Township, Beaver County. 114 

Hanover Township. Washington County. 114 

Findley and North Fayette townships, Allegheny County. 116 

Robinson Township, Washington County. 116 

Smith Township, Washington County. 117 

Jefferson Township, Washington County.'.. 120 

Cross Creek and Independence townships, Washington County. 124 

Mount Pleasant Township, Washington County. 127 

Chartiers Township, Washington County. 130 

Chapter Y.—Well logs used in making the Burgettstown convergence sheet.. 132 

Chapter 'VI.—Detailed geology of the Claysville quadrangle. 149 

Independence Township, Washington County. 149 

Hopewell Township, Washington County. 151 

Chartiers and South Strabane townships, Washington County. 153 

Canton Township, Washington County. 154 

Buffalo Township, Washington County. 157 

Blaine Township, Washington County. 159 

Donegal Township, Washington County. 163 

East and West Finley townships, Washington County. 165 

North and South Franklin townships, Washington County. 170 

Morris townships, Washington and Greene counties. 172 

Appendix.‘... 176 

Index. 191 













































ILLUSTRATIONS. 


v Page. 

Plate I. Diagrammatic section of sands in central Appalachian oil region_ 10 

II. Map showing distribution of gas and oil fields in western Pennsyl¬ 
vania and adjacent regions. 20 

III. Map of Steubenville quadrangle, showing key horizon (base of Pitts¬ 

burg coal) and location of bench marks. Pocket. 

IV. Subsurface stratigraphy of Steubenville quadrangle, showing conver¬ 

gence of Berea sand with respect to Ames limestone. 30 

V.' Convergence sheet of Steubenville quadrangle. Pocket. 

VI. Map of Steubenville quadrangle, showing contours on top of Berea 

oil sand, oil wells, and gas wells. Pocket. 

VII. Map of Burgettstown quadrangle, showing key horizon (base of Pitts¬ 
burg coal) and location of bench marks. Pocket. 

VIII. Convergence sheet of Burgettstown quadrangle. Pocket. 

IX. Map of Burgettstown quadrangle, showing contours on top of Hun¬ 
dred-foot sand, oil wells, and gas wells. Pocket. 

X.' Map of Claysville quadrangle, showing structure of surface rocks by 

contours on top of U-pper Washington limestone. Pocket. 

XI. Sections of deep wells in Claysville quadrangle. 52 

XII. Convergence sheet of Claysville quadrangle. Pocket. 

XIII. Map of Claysville quadrangle, showing contours on top of Gordon 

sand, oil wells, and gas wells. Pocket. 

• 

l-T 

I 

















GEOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN STEUBENVILLE, 
BURGETTSTOWN, AND CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLES, 
OHIO WEST VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. 


By W. T. Griswold and M. J. Munn. 


PART I.—GENERAL FEATURES OF THE REGION. 

INTRODUCTION. 

This paper contains the results of a study of the geologic condi¬ 
tions which accompany or control the accumulation of oil and gas in 
the central part of the Appalachian oil fields: It treats of conditions 
in .the Steubenville quadrangle, in Ohio, West Virginia, and Penn¬ 
sylvania, and the Burgettstown and Claysville quadrangles, in Penn¬ 
sylvania. Each quadrangle covers about 227 square miles. The 
principal oil-producing sand in the Steubenville quadrangle is the 
Berea sand; in the Burgettstown quadrangle, the Hundred-foot sand; 
and in the Claysville quadrangle, the Gordon, Fourth, and Fifth 
sands. The conditions in these three quadrangles may be regarded 
as typical of the various conditions under which oil and gas occur in 
the Appalachian field, and for this reason the first detailed study 
was undertaken in them. 

The method of study was to map, by means of contour lines, the 
geologic structure of some prominent bed of rocks, such as sandstone, 
limestone, or coal, which shows at many places on the surface, and 
which is easily identifiable; then, by means of information gained 
from the wells already drilled, the depth of the oil sand below the 
reference stratum was determined wherever a well had been drilled, 
and from these data a contoured map of the oil sand was constructed. 
This map shows the oil sand as if everything had been removed and 
its upper surface were open to inspection. In this way the relation 
of the producing oil fields to the geologic structure can be studied. 

9 




10 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Such a study should he of assistance in extending the limits of old 
and well-known fields and in locating new areas of productive 
territory. 

This paper is not based solely on the work of the Geological Survey, 
but is the outcome of a combination of the results of that work with 
information procured from the oil operators and drillers in the terri¬ 
tory. This information has been willingly furnished by the oil men. 
They have gladly allowed members of the Survey to inspect and copy 
their well records, and in many cases have put themselves to great 
inconvenience in searching through old files and procuring records 
that have lone: been out of use. To one and all of these men the 
thanks of the writers are given for their hearty cooperation. 

The field work of the Steubenville and Burgettstown quadrangles 


was done by W. T. Griswold; that of the Claysville by M. J. Munn, 
under Mr. Griswold’s general supervision. The theoretical discus¬ 
sion and the description of the Steubenville and Burgettstown quad¬ 
rangles are bv Mr. Griswold; the description of the Claysville quad¬ 
rangle is bv Mr. Munn. 

In undertaking a study of the conditions governing the accumula¬ 
tion of oil and gas, it was hoped to interest two classes of readers— 
those who are conducting similar investigations of the general condi¬ 
tions governing the accumulation of oil, and those who have a finan¬ 
cial interest in the territory under consideration. The detail required 
to make the results available to the engineer or operator who wishes 
to extend the work or to use it in locating wells makes slow and 
tedious reading. In order to avoid this, the area will first be described, 
the general conditions ’will be stated, and then each quadrangle will 
be. taken up in detail and the most important geologic and engineer¬ 
ing data available be given. 

It should be distinctly borne in mind that the primary object of 
the field work was not to examine and report on territory for prospec¬ 
tive operators, though this phase of the subject is incidentally treated 
in this report, but it is intended to present here the facts as the}^ were 
found, especially in developed areas, so that the great oil and gas 
fields as a whole may be intelligently studied with the hope that the 
fundamental truths which each field reveals may be applied in an 
everyday business way in the unceasing hunt for new producing 
areas. For this reason it is not thought best to present in great 
detail the mass of information collected in regard to developed terri¬ 
tory, such as the elevations, names, numbers, records, etc., of the hun¬ 
dreds of wells examined, nor to fill space in a reprint of the history 
of the development of these fields as given in other reports, but to 
show in as clear and concise a manner as possible the vital results 
extracted from these data so that they may be comprehended at a 
glance by the operator. 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


No attempt av i 11 be made to give a historical review of the theories 
advanced to account for the presence of petroleum within the earth’s 
crust. In the great Appalachian oil fields, of which these three 
quadrangles are a part, there seems to be no good reason for question¬ 
ing the conclusions of the early investigators that the great sedi¬ 
mentary deposits contained enough organic matter to constitute an 
adequate source of supply for the oil. There seems wanting, however, 
a theory that provides a logical sequence of events from the time the 
partially isolated bits of bituminous matter were entombed in the 
sedimentary deposits until they again appeared in the porous rocks 
as volatile hydrocarbon under enormous pressure. Since the operator 
is not concerned so much in this phase of the subject as he is in the 
forces and conditions which have influenced the segregation of the 
oil into pools of commercial value, the economic feature of the problem 
may be considered as beginning with the appearance of petroleum in 
the shales. 

In dealing primarily with the economic side of the subject, the 
object is to collect facts from developed oil pools and by a careful 
comparison of such data to learn how these accumulations have taken 
place. With this question determined, but half of the problem is 
solved from a practical standpoint. To make use of this knowledge 
in locating new and undeveloped oil territory, it is necessary to know 
what and how many of the governing factors which control the 
accumulation can be determined from the surface and what amount 
of information will be required from the drill before prognostication 
with reference to oil territorv can be successfullv made. The prob- 
lem therefore divides itself into two parts. First, what are the laws 
and conditions that govern the accumulations of oil? Second, are 
the geologic conditions such that from outcrops it is possible to deter¬ 
mine where the accumulations are most likely to occur? Laws of 
accumulation, once determined, are applicable to all areas of similar 
physical conditions, but the relation of the deeply buried oil-bearing 
sands to outcropping rocks may be different in even closely associated 
areas. Hence the structural relation of surface and underground 
strata must be determined separately for each area examined, but a 
knowledge of the conditions existing in a number of different areas 
may show what can reasonably be expected in an uninvestigated ter¬ 
ritory. 


CHAPTEB I. 


THEORETICAL! DISCUSSION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF 
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN OIL FIELDS. 

The rocks from which the oil and gas of the Appalachian fields 
are derived are of sedimentary origin. They are porous rocks, prin¬ 
cipally sandstones, embedded in and underlain by a great thickness 
of shale. Below the shale are probably heavy limestone beds. The 
sandstones are numerous; they lie approximately parallel to one 
another and occupy a section in the geologic column of more than 
2,000 feet, extending from the Allegheny formation of the Penn¬ 
sylvanian series nearly to the base of the Devonian system. Gen¬ 
erally the rocks show evidence of fairly continuous sedimentation, 
but in the early stage of Pennsylvanian time the surface was raised 
above water level, and the greater part of the Mauch Chunk forma¬ 
tion was eroded before the later sediments were deposited, leaving 
an unconformity at the base of the Pottsville formation. 

The oil-bearing sandstones vary greatly in composition and tex¬ 
ture. The upper or younger sands are usually white, some being 
of uniform texture and others containing lens-shaped bodies of con¬ 
glomerate in which the separate pebbles are of considerable size. 
The older or lower beds are of brown or reddish sandstone and are 
usuallv more uniform in texture. 

In general the Appalachian oil fields occupy the bottom and west¬ 
ern side of a large spoon-shaped structural trough. The rim of this 
trough may be considered as passing through central Ohio, swinging 
eastward south of the Great Lakes, and thence southward along the 
western base of the Appalachian Mountains. The sandstones which 
show in outcrop in northern Ohio and New York are 2,000 to 3,000 
feet underground in the southwest corner of Pennsylvania and in 
West Virginia. The dip of the formations is not regular, but is the 
result of two periods of folding. The main folds have a northeast- 
southwest trend, the secondary folds crossing these at right angles. 
On the northwestern side of the main trough the secondary folds 
give rise in places to northwest dips, but these are of minor sig¬ 
nificance in the general southeast slope of this side of the trough. 

Each important sandstone bed underlies many square miles of 
territory, usually including a number of counties. They have been 


12 


THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. 


13 


traced from point to point by means of the drill, until the limits 
of the different beds are fairly well known. These sandstones are 
most numerous and attain their greatest thickness in the center of 
the region, only the upper beds extending to the western margin 
of the fields. In some localities two or more sands produce oil. 
Usually, however, the lowest sand is the most prolific. It often 
happens that gas is produced from a number of sands in one locality. 

The areas which have produced oil and gas have been of all sizes 
and shapes, and the depth of productive wells ranges from 100 to 
4,000 feet. It has been noticed, however, that in many cases the area 
of oil production is in the form of a belt extending for a number of 
miles and having but slight width compared to its length. The 
direction of these belts of productive territory is parallel to the 
principal geologic folds of the region. 

Drilling with the object of finding new productive territory is of a 
most speculative nature. Any one of five results may be the outcome 
of the well when the sand is pierced. (1) The sand rock may be 
found to be hard and close, incapable of holding oil or permitting 
the flow of any liquids through its mass; (2) the sand may be good 
but perfectly dry; or (3) it may be good sand and be completely 
saturated with salt water, which may fill the well to a depth of several 
hundred feet or even in some cases flow out upon the derrick floor. 
Favorable results may have any degree of success. (4) Gas may be 
found with hundreds of pounds of rock pressure to the square inch 
and in a volume of millions of feet a dav, or there may be only suffi- 
cient gas to serve a house or one or two boilers. (5) Oil may be 
encountered in such quantities and with such pressure that it will 
gush from the well at the rate of thousands of barrels a day, or there 
may be only a gradual seeping of oil into the well that will amount 
to but a barrel or two a day. 

THEORY OF ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS. 

ORIGIN. 

The organic matter embedded in the shale which lies below and 
between the oil-bearing sandstones mentioned above may have been 
the original source of petroleum. This hypothesis is accepted in this 
paper, though such acceptance is not meant to imply that the hy¬ 
pothesis is established beyond question or that there are not facts 
and arguments which point to other sources of petroleum than the 
organic matter found in the accompanying sedimentary formations. 

Whether the petroleum comes from within or from below the 
shales, it must pass through them, and to do this it must pass through 
the very small pores existing in those relatively impervious beds. 
The nature and cause of this movement are not understood. Capil- 


14 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


lary action and great rock pressure may be suggested as causes which 
aid in forcing the petroleum out from the shaLes, but there are not 
sufficient data on this subject to justify any scientific explanation. 
It matters little what is the ultimate source of the oil; the important 
facts are its occurrence now in the porous sandstones, its circulation 
through the rocks, and the conditions leading to its accumulation in 
commercial deposits. 


MOVEMENT IN POROUS ROCKS. 


The porous rocks into which the oil and gas enter may be dry or 
they may be completely saturated with water. In most cases it is 
probable that a combination of these two conditions exist—that the 
porous rocks are completely saturated with water up to a certain level, 
but above that point they are dry. The movement of the hydrocar¬ 
bons through the rocks will not be the same in the two cases, and 
therefore each condition must be considered separately. 

If small quantities of oil and gas enter a dry porous rock at different 
points the oil will flow down as long as gravity is sufficient to over¬ 
come the friction and the capillary attraction. The gas will diffuse 
with the air or water vapor contained in the pores of the rock. 

Oil and gas entering a porous rock that is completely saturated 
with water will be forced up to the top of the porous stratum by the 
difference in the specific gravity of the hydrocarbons and the water. 
Here the oil and gas will remain if the porous stratum be perfectly 
level, but if it has a dip sufficient to overcome the friction the par¬ 
ticles of oil and gas will gradually move up this slope, the gas with 
its lower specific gravity occupying the higher places. 

In case the porous rocks are partly saturated a combination of 
these two actions will take place. The oil entering above the line 
of complete saturation will flow down to that line and the oil entering 

o 

below will be forced up to the top of the completely saturated portion. 

I he statements given above are based on the assumption that the 
oil-bearing rock is homogeneous throughout and that the oil will 
move with the same degree of freedom in every direction. This is 
rarely the case. Sandstones are noted for their irregularity in com¬ 
position, as regards both the size of the individual grains of sand and 
also the material which cements the grains together. It is obvious that 


any fluid will move more rapidly through a coarse conglomerate im- 
peifeetl\ cemented than through a dense, fine-grained sandstone the 
particles of which are thoroughly coated and all the interstices filled 
with impervious cement. If the oil-bearing rock contains areas prac¬ 
tically impervious, these areas, according to their size and position, 
\\ dl be more or less perfect barriers against the movement of the 


oil or the gas. 


THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. 


15 


PLACES OF ACCUMULATION. 

(1) In dry rocks the principal points of accumulation of oil will 
be at or near the bottom of the synclines or at the lowest point of the 
porous medium, or at any point where the slope of the rock is not 
sufficient to overcome the friction, such as structural terraces or 
benches. (2) In porous rocks completely saturated the accumula¬ 
tion of both oil and gas will be in the anticlines or along level por¬ 
tions of the structure. Where the area of porous rocks is limited the 
accumulation will occur at the highest point of the porous medium, 
and where areas of impervious rocks exist in a generally porous 
stratum the accumulation will take place below such impervious stop, 
which is really the top limit of the porous rock. (3) In porous rocks 
that are only partly filled with water the oil accumulates at the upper 
limit of the saturated area. This limit of saturation traces a level 
line around the sides of each structural basin, but the height of this 
line may vary greatly in adjacent basins and in different sands of the 
same basin. 

Partial saturation is the condition most generally found, in which 

case accumulations of oil may occur anywhere with reference to the 

«/ «/ 

geologic structure; it is most likely, however, to occur upon terraces or 
levels, as these places are favorable to accumulation in both dry and 
saturated rocks. 

Under all conditions the most probable locations for the accumu¬ 
lation of gas are on the crests of anticlines. Small* folds along the 
side of a syncline may hold a supply of gas, or the rocks may be so 
dense that gas can not travel to the anticline, but will remain in 
volume close to the oil. 


APPLICATION OF THEORY IN THE APPALACHIAN FIELDS. 

The accompanying illustration, PI. I, is a diagrammatic section 
through the oil-producing formations of Ohio and Pennsylvania 
based on data from actual surveys. It shows those sands which are 
found under the Steubenville quadrangle and extends to those that 
are known to exist in Pennsylvania. In it is represented the uncon¬ 
formity which has'been shown by David White a to exist at the base 
of the Pottsville formation throughout the entire western edge and 
probably the central part of the Appalachian coal field, evidence in 
favor of which has been found in the well records examined in the 
course of this investigation. The Salt sand represents the base of the 
Pottsville formation. Below this is the Big Injun or Pocono sand- 


n white, David, Deposition of the Appalachian Pottsville: Bull. Geol. Soc, America, 
yol. 15, 1904, pp. 267-282. 





16 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


stone, and about 350 feet below the bottom of the Pocono is the Berea 
sand, which extends over a large portion of eastern Ohio and is rep¬ 
resented by the Thirty-foot shells above the Hundred-foot sand in 
western Pennsylvania. Commencing not far from the line between 
Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the Hundred-foot sand appears 
below the Berea sand. Farther east in Pennsylvania the Thirty-foot 
the Gordon, the Fourth, and the Fifth sands appear. These sands 
are all represented on the sketch in approximately their correct verti¬ 
cal positions. It has been shown by the logs of wells that the Salt and 
Big Injun sands are pretty thoroughly saturated with water through¬ 
out most of the area investigated. The upper limit of saturation of 
the Berea sand, shown at the point D on the diagram, is about 250 feet 
below sea level. 

In Pennsylvania the Hundred-foot sand is found to be dry through 
most of the Burgettstown quadrangle. After reaching the vicinity 
of the McDonald oil pool it is completely saturated with water. The 
Gordon sand in the Washington pool is saturated up to a definitely 
marked level around the sides of the syncline, with the productive 
area directly above. The Fourth and Fifth sands in this syncline 
have less water, and in them the oil is found much nearer the center 
of the basin. 

By applying to the section (PL I) the conclusions regarding the 
movement and accumulation of oil and gas under various conditions, 
the probable points of accumulation can be shown. . Any oil entering 
the Berea sand between G and I will accumulate at the point above 
H in close proximity to the gas. This part of the Berea sand is com¬ 
pletely saturated with salt water, and the oil will be forced to the 
highest point. 

-Oil entering the Berea sand between the points F and G will be 
moved along from G to F. Here the sand is level, and the difference 
in specific gravity of the fluids only has a tendency to keep the oil 
in the upper portion of the sand and exerts no force to move it lat¬ 
erally. Between E and I) the tendency of the oil is to move up to 
the top of the water at D. Beyond this point there is no tendency 
of the oil to rise. It would therefore accumulate at this point, the 
gas occupying the space higher up. 


Oil entering between A and C would accumulate in the small svn- 
cline at B. If during some previous time, but while the rocks were 
in the same position as they are to-day, the water level of the Berea 
sand was higher than it is at the present time, all the oil which entered 
the stratum from B to E would have been forced up into the anticline 
at C. If since that time the water level has been gradually sinking, 
the oil would follow it down to the syncline at B and to the top of 
the water line at D. 


GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION OF SANDS l^f CENTRAL APPALACHIAN OIL RhGION 






























































































































































































































































THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. 


17 


The sand rocks were deposited in the sea, and at that time must 
have been completely saturated. The saline water now contained in 
these rocks may or may not be the water of original deposition. To 
state that the saline water within these sandstones is gradually dimin¬ 
ishing would require proof and many explanations that are not at 
hand. There are, however, facts which point to this condition, the 
most important of which is that the smallest areas of complete sat¬ 
uration are found in the lowest and therefore oldest sandstones, and 
there are certain areas, notably in the Beaver quadrangle, where the 


Berea sand is relatively high and above the line of saturation. 
Within this area very small structural depressions seem to hold accu¬ 
mulations of oil out of proportion to the area drained. 

The upper level of saturation in the Hundred-foot sand is lower 
than in the Berea sand. Oil entering that stratum between F and H 
would accumulate in the syncline at G, with the gas extending to the 
dome at FI and to the limit of the sand toward F. In the synclinal 
trough between H and L the accumulation in the Hundred-foot sand 
would be at the water line above I and above K. 

The area of saturation is less in each sand below the Hundred-foot. 
In the Fifth sand, which is the lowest found within the area so far 
investigated, the accumulation of oil is at the lowest point in the 
syncline, except in the lowest portions of tiny basins along the syn¬ 
clinal trough, where small areas of ponded water still remain. 


PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE 

ACCUMULATION OF OIL. 


FACTORS INVOLVED. 

The previous discussion shows the importance of a knowledge of 
all the factors governing accumulation in any attempt to locate oil 
territory. These are the porosity of the reservoir rock, the geologic 
structure, and the degree of saturation by water. The first can be de¬ 
termined only by the drill; the second, under favorable conditions, can 
be determined by careful geologic work on the surface, and the third 
by the drilling of a few test wells. Knowledge of the first and third 
factors is absolutely necessary for a correct interpretation of what is 
shown by the map of the surface structure. For instance, in an area 
where two or more sands are productive the map may show produc¬ 
ing wells on the anticlines along the steep slopes and also in the bot¬ 
tom of the synclines, the productive area not appearing in any way 
to conform to the structure; but if the top of the water in each of the 
sands be taken into consideration it will be seen that the sand produc¬ 
ing oil on top of the anticline is wet, the one from which the oil is 
taken in the trough of the syncline is dry, and the one producing 


3496—Bull. 318—07-2 


18 


OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


along the slope is saturated with water up to a certain level, with the 
oil immediatelv above. 


CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE. 

The geologic structure of the oil-bearing stratum is an important 
factor in the location of accumulations of oil and gas. The statement 
has been previously made that under certain conditions this factor 
can be determined prior to the descent of the drill. It now becomes 
necessary to consider what these conditions are, the reasons for the 
same, and what steps are necessary for determining the structure of 
a deep-lying oil sand. 

The various rock formations which appear at the surface within 
the Appalachian oil fields, as well as the underlying strata that have 
been pierced by the drill, are of sedimentary origin—that is, they 
were laid down as sediments in a body of water. 

The Appalachian oil fields occupy an area which was an inland sea 
or gulf during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. Into this 
sea was washed the disintegrated and dissolved material from the 
surrounding land, and this material was deposited on the sea bottom 
in layers more or less parallel. The size of the inland sea did not 
remain constant. From the geologic evidence it is plain that at some 
periods the sea was increasing in area and depth and that at other 
periods it was diminishing. This expansion and contraction of the 
water-covered area probably was repeated many times, and the sedi¬ 
ments laid down in this body of water varied according to the con- 
ditions of the sea. These deposits consist of shales, sandstones, lime¬ 
stones, and coals. 

I ine soft shale results from the erosion of a much weathered and 
deeply disintegrated land surface, and it is deposited in that portion 
of the sea where the currents are slight and no longer have power 
to transport fine particles. 

Sandstone represents a deposit made in moving currents or along 
shore where the motion of the water had power to wash out and 
carry along the finer particles of material, leaving the coarser grains 
to form sandstone. 

Limestone may be formed in different ways. The lime and mag¬ 
nesia of the soil are washed out and carried to the sea in solution. 
Myriads of animals living in the sea have formed their shells and 
bones from the lime and magnesia in sea water and, on dyinsr. left 
large deposits of these materials, which have been cemented together 
forming limestones. Some plants of the sea cause a deposit of lime 
about themselves. Limestone may be formed by precipitation from 
the sea water. In these ways the great beds of limestone may have 
been formed, Those limestones which carry marine forms, such as 


THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. 


19 


shells, were probably laid down in still water and in smooth, even 
sheets over large areas. For this reason they are probably the best 
strata to be used as geologic markers for the formations. 

1 he coal beds represent the remains of vast swamps in which moss, 
ferns, and trees grew. These plants, on dying, fell into the water 
and formed great beds of peat that later was compressed into coal. 

Adjacent to the coal beds and at other horizons are found clays 
and fire clays. Clay is of the same composition as shale, without its 
bedding planes. F ire clays are clays from which has been extracted 
the more fluxible materials, presumably by the action of plant life, 
llie degree to which the easily fusible material has been extracted 
determines the refractoriness of the clay. 

In studying a region of sedimentary deposits it is possible to reason 
out with a fair degree of exactness what movements were taking 
place in the earth s crust at the time some particular deposit was 
laid down. As as example, it is interesting to consider what were 
the conditions during the time of the forming of the great sand¬ 
stone known in Ohio as the “Berea grit'' and in Pennsylvania as 
the “ Thirty-foot shells.” 

This sandstone extends from the vicinity of Wheeling, W. Va., 
to the west fully a third of the way across Ohio, to the north nearly 
to the Great Lakes, and to the northeast almost to the line of New 
\ ork State. 1 he thickness of the sandstone remains nearly con- 
stant, being from 30 to 40 feet. It is composed of clean, fine-grained 
sand of nearly uniform texture. The upper portion of the rock to 
the depth of 18 to 20 feet is cemented probably by calcareous matter 
into an impervious rock. This cap is generally present and in some 
places has thickened to the full depth of the sandstone, making the 
complete stratum impervious to oil and gas. Directly above the cap 
to the Berea sand is a black shale, above which is shale of various col¬ 
ors, which extends for some hundreds of feet to the next great sand- 
stone, the Pocono or Big Injun, as named by the drilling fraternity. 

A sandstone of the extent and uniform thickness of the Berea 
could not‘have been laid down at one time. This sandstone must 
have grown, being extended on its outer edge by the sea gradually 
encroaching upon the land, the waves washing down and cleaning 
the material of the shores, depositing as a beach the heavier par¬ 
ticles and carrying the finer portions out into deeper water. The 
rate of encroachment of the sea upon the land must have been slow 
and regular, as the sand is found thoroughly cleaned and of almost 
uniform thickness. The shore from which this sand was derived 
was probably low and consisted of previously worked-over deposits. 
From a bluff or rugged shore the broken pieces of rock would not be 
of the same.uniform size as the grains of the Berea sandstone. When 


I 


20 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


the sand beach became submerged it received upon its upper surface 
the calcareous deposits cementing it together, and later the full area 
of the sandstone was covered by the great shale deposits. From the 
conditions under which the Berea sandstone was deposited it is prob¬ 
able that this stratum was not level when laid down, but had a gen¬ 
eral dip seaward, the amount of which depended on the rate of sub¬ 
sidence of the land area. 

POSITION OF SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS WHEN LAID DOWN. . 

From the mode of deposition of sedimentary formations it is evi¬ 
dent that originally the strata consisted of smooth, though not 
necessarily level, sheets. 

It is possible to conceive of a coal bed growing by the rising of the 
water of a sea, which extended the swamp farther inland while the 
outer edge became too far immersed to allow of vegetable growth, 
but coal beds were in all probability level when formed. 

The Pittsburg coal, which covers an area of G,000 square miles, 
carries within itself evidence of the level surface of the swamp in 
which it was formed. Not far from the middle of this bed are two 
small shale partings about 4 inches apart. The space between them 
is called the “ bearing-in ” bench. These partings are characteristic 
of the bed over a large area. They were formed by high water 
which carried fine sediment into and over the swamp at two periods 
not long apart geologically. As a large area received nearly the same 
amount of sediment, the bed must have been formed in one vast 
level swamp. 

As each succeeding sedimentary deposit was laid down in a smooth, 
fairly even sheet upon the bottom of the sea the distance between beds 
remains nearly constant over small areas; in other words, there is a 
certain degree of parallelism between beds composing deposits of this 
character. 

The amount of material laid down by the action of the waves and 
currents is not the same at all points, but may gradually thicken or 
thin in any direction. This difference in deposition from point to 
point prevents succeeding beds from lying perfectly parallel one with 
another, but probably this variation is fairly regular and at a some- 
what uniform rate. I his rate of variation of the interval between 
any two beds of rock may be-determined if a number of measurements 
of the distance between the two beds at different points in the area 
under consideration can be obtained. 

If, however, at any period all or a portion of the area was above sea 
level, it no longer received sediment but was worn down by erosion, 
which in some places may have removed only a little of the surface 
rocks, but in other places completely removed the underlying forma- 


THEORETICAL DISCUSSION. 


21 


tions. In later periods when this surface was again submerged it 
received other sediments, generally in equal amounts, and the upper 
formations were laid down across it in approximately parallel layers, 
but not necessarily parallel to the earlier-deposited formations. The 
relation between the upper and the lower formations, under these con¬ 
ditions, depends on the uniformity of the erosion and the absence of 
any folding prior to the time of second submergence. This relation 
is called an unconformity. In areas where it exists it is necessary 
to have positive data with reference to the distance of the deep-lying 
beds from the surface strata at many points in order to be able to 
determine accurately the true structure of the lower formations. 

SUMMARY. 

From the foregoing considerations it becomes evident that certain 
general geologic conditions should be known before undertaking the 
determination of the geologic structure of the oil-bearing sands from 
strata upon the surface, the first and most important being the possi¬ 
bility of an unconformity between the surface strata and the oil¬ 
bearing stratum. 

from the nature of the.se deposits the coal and limestone beds 
seem to be the most reliable surface strata from which to determine 
the geologic structure. 


CHAPTER IT. 

METHOD OF mVESTIGATIOTs T . 


FIELD WORK. 

Geologic field work is not practicable in some portions of the Appa¬ 
lachian region unless the area to be investigated is generally dissected 
by erosion to a depth of 100 feet or more, bringing the outcrops of 
different key strata to the surface. 

Geologic work of this nature generally follows the making of care¬ 
ful topographic surveys, such as are now being carried on by the 
Geological Survey. In the topographic work, bench marks based 
on precise level lines brought from the sea are established. This is 
done by means of primary level lines run in circuits, with a closure 
restriction permitting an error of only 0.05 foot in the square root 
of the linear distance in miles. These primary lines are run in such 
a manner as to establish bench marks at intervals of not more than 6 
miles from one another, leaving no point within the area distant more 
than 3 miles from a permanent bench. 

In carrying on the geologic work proper, level lines based on the 
permanent benches were carried over each road and in many cases 
up stream channels and along the crests of ridges, with an accuracy 
of instrumental work that insures the closing of circuits with errors 
of less than a foot. In the course of this work the elevation was 
taken of outcrops of all beds that in any way conld be recognized as 
marking geologic horizons. As the elevation of each outcrop was 
determined, its horizontal position was located on a topographic 
map carried by the levelman. 

This combination of geologic and topographic work results in a 
mass of extremely accurate data for determining the intervals 
between important beds of rock and also the geologic structure or 
“ lay ” of the rocks. 

«v 

For obtaining the vertical distance between well-recognized beds, 
certain outcrops were selected whose elevations could be compared 
directly one with another. Only such outcrops as are horizontally 
near together were selected for comparison, except in cases where the 
outcrop of one bed could be compared with two or more outcrops of 
another bed showing on different sides of the first exposure. The 


22 


METHOD OF INVESTIGATION. 


23 


latter method was used to eliminate any error which might result 
from the failure to make allowance for the dip of the rocks. 

Level lines were run to the mouths of a large number of oil and gas 
wells in the area, so that the elevations of the oil sands and other 
beds of rock whose positions are recorded in the logs of the wells 
could be determined, and from these elevations the distances and 
degrees of parallelism that existed between the outcropping and sub¬ 
surface rocks could be established. 


CONSTRUCTION OF MAPS. 

The work of making a map of a particular stratum lying at a 
considerable depth below the surface consists of three distinct steps— 
first, careful contour mapping of some prominent surface bed, called 
the “key horizon; ’ second, the more difficult task of ascertaining 
the distance between this key horizon and the producing oil sand 
below and the amount and direction of the variation in this dis¬ 
tance; third, the application of a correction to the surface mapping 
equal to this convergence, so that lines drawn on this map connecting 
points of equal elevation above the sea (contour lines) will show 
the true shape of the surface of the oil sand. 


STRUCTURAL MAP OF TIIE KEY HORIZON. 


On the completion of the field work, as previously described, 
the geologist had a topographic map of the area, on which the 
horizontal location and the elevation of the outcrops of different 
marking strata are shown at hundreds of points. By a comparison 
of these outcrops, the intervals between different marking beds were 
obtained. One bed was selected as the key horizon, usually that out- 
cropping over the greatest area. 'By adding to or subtracting from 
the elevation of*outcrops of other known beds the distance they have 
been found to be below or above the key horizon, the elevation of 
that stratum was obtained at a great many points. By drawing 
lines connecting the points of equal elevation, a contour map of 
the key horizon was produced. 


CONVERGENCE MAP. 

A knowledge of the variation in distance between the key horizon 
and the oil sand was gained from the records of wells in different 
parts of the area, and without these records it would be impossible 
to make any illustration that would show the form and position 
of the sand, unless it were exactly parallel with the key horizon. 

To make use of the well records and construct an actual map of 
the oil-bearing sand the following method was employed: On the 


24 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


map of the structure of the key horizon were plotted all the wells 
drilled within the area. As the elevation of the mouth of each of 
these wells had been determined, the position of the key stratum with 
reference to the mouth of the well was obtained directlv from the 
map, and with this information the distance from the key stratum 
to the oil-bearing sand at this point was obtained from the record 
of the well. 

By making this computation for each well of which a reliable 
record could be obtained, the distance from the kev horizon to the 
oil-bearing stratum was obtained in different parts of the area. Gen¬ 
erally this distance is not the same at different wells, but decreases 
in one direction or the other. 

The correction for the convergence between the key horizon and 
the oil sand is applied by means of a mechanical drawing called a 
“ convergence sheet." This drawing was made on tracing cloth by 
connecting the location of the oil wells from which reliable records 
had been obtained by straight lines. The lines were then divided 
proportionately to the amount of convergence found between the 
two wells, so that each division on the lines would represent an 
increased distance of 10 feet between the key stratum and the oil¬ 
bearing sand. 

After all the lines connecting the different wells had been thus 
divided the points that show an equal distance from the key stratum 
to the oil sand were connected, and a drawing was built up that, 
when placed over the map on which the elevation of the key stratum 
was noted at many different places, showed directly what distance 
should be subtracted from each elevation of the key stratum to make 
it equivalent to the elevation of the oil sand at that point. 

The regularity and uniformity of this mechanical drawing shows 
whether it is possible or not to make a map of the oil sand that will 
be of any practical value. If the distance between the 10-foot lines, 
which are called isochor (equal space) lines, is regular and the 
decrease is uniformly in one direction, a map of the lower sands can 
be made practically correct. If, however, the distance from the key 
horizon to the sand decreases first in one direction and then in 
another, the lines on the convergence sheet will run in circles and 
show that there is little use in trying to interpret the structure of the 
sand from a map of the surface structure. It can hardly be hoped 
that the wells used have been located at the exact point of the great¬ 
est distance between the two strata. In all probability the resulting 
convergence sheet is incorrect over limited areas. 

The amount of convergence per mile is another condition to be 
considered. If it amounts to 50 or 00 feet to the mile, there is little 
probability that the resulting map of the sand will be correct within 


METHOD OF INVESTIGATION. 


25 


a limit of 20 or 30 feet. If, however, the convergence is only 10 or 
20 feet to the mile, the resulting map should be of the same degree 
of accuracy as the map of the surface structure. 

In making maps of subsurface strata in areas that have not been 
productive, most of the records used for making a convergence sheet 
must be taken from u wild-cat wells.” In certain cases it is difficult 
to procure the records of such wells, and often the best- that can be 
obtained is the depth, from memory, at which the sand was found. 
Here is a source of serious error, for a mistake in this distance may 
make the resulting map incorrect for a considerable distance about 
the well. 

In making a subsurface map, full knowledge should be had of the 
well records used for constructing the convergence sheet, and if any 
reliable records have been thrown out whose distances would change 
the convergence sheet the reason for discarding them should be 
given. In selecting the records for the construction of a convergence 
sheet it is desirable to consider wells from which a good record is 
obtainable and those that are located near the outcrop of an easily 
recognized surface stratum. 

MAP OF OIL SAND. 

With the convergence sheet completed, the operation of making a 
contour map of the oil sand was very simple. The tracing was placed 
over the map on which are noted the elevations of the key horizon. 
From each of these elevations the amount shown by the convergence 
sheet was subtracted. This gave the elevation of a point on the oil 
sand. Bv connecting the points of equal elevation by lines a contour 
map of the oil-bearing sand was made. 




CHAPTER ITT. 


I 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE STEUBENVILLE 

QUADRANGLE. 

n 

DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE. 


LOCATION. 


The entire area investigated is shown by the inclosed quadrangl 
in the map, PI. IT. This map represents the Appalachian oil fieh 
and shows the areas that have produced oil and gas. 

r I he Steubenville quadrangle is located mainly in the eastern pa 
of Ohio, but extends to the east across Ohio River, including a pa) 
of the West \ irginia c " panhandle ” and a small strip about 1 mil 
in width belonging to the State of Pennsylvania. The city of Step 
benvilie is located near the middle of the quadrangle, and from thi 
place it takes its name. 


TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 


The governing feature in the drainage of the Steubenville quad¬ 
rangle is Ohio River. This stream crosses the quadrangle from 
north to south almost in tlie middle. At fairly regular distance^ 
main tributaries flow into the river almost at right angles to its 
course. The smaller runs, which furnish the water for the main 
creeks, flow from the north and south, generally parallel with the 
course of the river. 

The upland surface between the streams is in general from 400 to 
500 feet above the main drainage lines. In most places the tops of 
the hills have been worn off to a smooth oval surface, but near the 
main drainage lines the ridges are narrower, the hill slopes are 
steeper, and the streams flow in deep canyons. Each small run has 
eroded a deep channel in the soft sedimentary rocks, and in all parts, 
of the quadrangle the upland is greatly dissected. 

26 




U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. II 



MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF GAS AND OIL FIELDS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND 

ADJACENT REGIONS. 






































GENERAL GEOLOGY OF 1 STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 27 


GEOLOGIC FEATURES SHOWING AT THE SURFACE.® 


SECTION OF ROCKS EXPOSED. 


Upon the surface of the Steubenville quadrangle are exposed strata 
that represent a vertical section of over 1,000 feet in the Pennsyl¬ 
vanian series. This section consists of a part of the Washington, all 
of the Monongahela, Conemaugh, and most of the Allegheny forma¬ 
tions. The Lower Kittanning coal of the Allegheny measures comes 
to view along Ohio River in the northern portion of the quadrangle, 
while the Washington coal of the Washington formation lies near the 
top of the highest hills in the southeast corner of the quadrangle. 
Between these two limits are a number of beds that are easily recog¬ 
nizable and of use in determining positions within the geologic sec¬ 
tion. Most prominent among these are the Ames limestone, Pitts¬ 
burg coal, Meigs Creek coal, Benwood limestone, Uniontown coal, and 
Wavnesbunr coal. 


KEY HORIZONS. 


The base of the Pittsburg coal has been taken as the horizon upon 
which to represent the geologic structure at or near the surface. This 
important bed outcrops in all portions of the quadrangle except in 
an area east of New Cumberland, where an anticlinal dome has raised 
its horizon a couple of hundred feet above the highest hills and the 
coal bed has been eroded. 

The Ames limestone of the Conemaugh formation exceeds the Pitts¬ 
burg coal in its area of outcrop. This limestone and the Pittsburg 
coal have furnished most of the information for the plotting of the 
surface structure. The Lower Kittanning coal was used along Ohio 
River in the northern half of the quadrangle, and the Sewickley 
(Meigs Creek) coal in some portions of the southern half. 

In order to make use of these beds in determining the geologic 
structure of the Pittsburg coal, careful measurements were made of 
the intervals between them in as many places as was possible. 

MEASUREMENT OF INTERVALS BETWEEN KEY HORIZONS. 

The interval between the Pittsburg and the Lower Ivittanning 
coals was not obtained by direct measurement. The distance of the 

a jjj this paper the names of oil sands and other beds that are known only through the 
exploration of the drill are those commonly used by the well drillers. Many of these 
names are fanciful, but they have come into common use throughout the oil fields, and 
for that reason are used in this report. In most cases the equivalent geologic names are 
also given, so that the reader is enabled to correlate with the same beds where they show 
in outcrop. 





28 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Lower Kittanning coal below the Ames limestone was determined bv 
direct measurement only in a few places. By comparison, however, 
of the elevations of other coals of the Allegheny formation at some 
places with the elevation of the Ames limestone and at others with 
the elevation of the Lower Kittanning coal, the interval was found 
to be 473 feet. The probable error of this determination is less than 
10 feet. 

A number of direct comparisons of the elevations of the Ames 
limestone and the Pittsburg coal were made. At other places the 
interval between these beds was ascertained by comparing the eleva¬ 
tion of a given point on one stratum with the elevations of two eft 
more points on the other stratum. This interval was measured at 32 
different places, with an average result of 219 feet. The largest inter¬ 
val obtained was 231 feet and the smallest 201 feet. 

The Meigs Creek coal outcrops in three-fourths of the quadrangle. 
1 he elevation of thjs coal was compared with that of the Pittsburg 
coal at 24 different places, with the average result for the interval of 
103 feet. The largest interval obtained was 113 feet and the smallest 
94 feet. 

The results of these measurements of intervals between the different 
strata indicate that it is practicable to map the surface rocks of the 
Steubenville quadrangle so that the vertical position of any point 
shall not be in error more than one contour interval, or 10 feet, and 
also that this is about the limit of exactness that can be acquired when 
more than one surface stratum is used in determining the structure. 


CONTOUR MAP OF PITTSBURG COAL AND STRUCTURE. 

After reducing all determined elevations on the various key rocks 
to equivalent positions on the base of the Pittsburg coal and connect¬ 
ing by lines the points of equal elevation, the contour map (PI. Ill) 
was produced. The contours printed in green on the topographic 
base of the Steubenville quadrangle represent the surface structure. 
I he small crosses of the same color, with numbers adjacent, show at 
what point spirit-level elevations were obtained on some known 
stratum, and the crosses which are underlined show the points where 
the elevation of the Pittsburg coal itself was obtained. 

The rocks of the Steubenville quadrangle have little regularity of 
structure. They form parts of two structural basins and a portion 
of the anticline which divides them. The most prominent feature 
is this anticline, which culminates a little east of New Cumberland. 
Here the rocks rise in a dome nearly 300 feet above their general* 
position in the surrounding region. The slopes are steep to the east, 

south, and west. This feature is. named the New Cumberland 
anticline. 


29 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


I 1 iom the south end of this anticline a structural nose puts off toward 
Paiis, 1 a., whence it extends southward along the Pennsylvania- 
T\ est T irginia line, ending south of Colliers Station in a terrace 
which has been called the Collier terrace. 

hiom the southwest end of the New Cumberland anticline another 
nose passes through a very low saddle and connects with the main 
anticline of the ( adiz quadrangle, two miles Avest of the A 7 illage of 
TV intersville the beds are nearly level and form what is called the 
Wintersville terrace. 


The main syncline of the area, known as the Mingo syncline, enters 
the quadrangle near the southeast corner and extends northwestward 
to the town of Mingo Junction, A\ T here it swings to the north toward 
Hollidays C ove. I he trough rises rapidly after passing the mouth 
of McMahan Run and soon attains the general level of the adjacent 
structure. 

In the northwest corner of the quadrangle is the end of a synclinal 
basin which extends into the quadrangle from the north. This is 
called the Somerset syncline, after the Aullage of NeAv Somerset, in 
the TV ellsville quadrangle. Besides these main features there are a 
number of local basins and some anticline noses or terraces which are 
not of enough importance to deserve distinctive names. 


GEOLOGIC FEATURES BELOW THE SURFACE. 

SOURCE OF INFORMATION. 

A knowledge of conditions below the surface is obtained from the 
logs of shafts and \A 7 ells. Some logs are recorded in great detail, but 
in most of them only the strata that are of importance to those who 
are drilling are noted. The sandstones are the formations that in¬ 
terest the oil and gas drillers, but if the} 7 have not previously pro¬ 
duced either oil or gas their positions are noted only by “ string 
measurement.” In this method a string is tied around the main 
cable which holds the drilling tools at the top of the bull Avheel. 
The distance OA 7 er the crown pulley to the mouth of the Avell on the 
derrick floor is measured, or assumed to be 160 feet. When the string 
has gone over the crown pulley and entered the hole, a second string 
is attached at the bull wheel. When the driller desires to know the 
dejDtli of a particular bed of rock in which the drill is working, he 
multiplies 160 feet (or the measured distance) by the number of 
times strings have entered the hole and to this product adds the dis¬ 
tance which the last string has moved up the derrick. 

When a sandstone is reached in which oil or gas is expected to 
occur, its position below the mouth of the well is carefully measured 
by a steel tape. If the string and tape measurement were both 


30 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 




recorded, the error of the string measurement would be known and 
could be adjusted back through the other formations. 


CONVERGENCE BETWEEN BEDS. 


In the Steubenville quadrangle the sandstones of the Allegheny 
formation are present, but since they have produced no oil or gas 
little attention is paid to them. The Salt sand and Big Injun are 
the formations usually noted in the records. 

A feature of great importance to those interested in making a map 
of the Berea sand is the varving distance between it and the Pitts- 
burg coal. To illustrate this and show where it takes place, the 
records of six wells have been plotted and are shown on PI. IV. 
These wells are located in nearly a straight line across the quadrangle 
from north to south. The first Avell (No. 11°) is one-half mile west 
of Knoxville. The second well (No. 53) is a little more than 1 mile 
south of the first. The third (No. 114) is 3 miles south and a little 
east of the second. The fourth well (No. 407) is nearly 7 miles in a 
direction south by a little east from the third. The fifth well (No. 
4G6) is out of line, being 5 miles in a southwest direction from the 
fourth. The section of this well is included for the reason that it 
shows the limestone at the top of the Big Injun sand. The sixth 
well (No. 479) is at Wellsburg, 44 miles south and a little east of 
well No. 407. The records are so placed that the position of the 
Ames limestone is on a horizontal line. 

The position of the Ames limestone is not noted in the records of 
these wells. Its elevation, however, was determined by outcrops close 
to the wells. In well No. 11 the top of the Berea sand is 1,113 feet 
below the Ames limestone. This distance increases in each well to 
the southeast across the quadrangle, being 1,405 feet in well No. 479. 
This shows an increase in the interval between the Ames limestone 
and the top of the Berea sand of nearly 300 feet. This change is 
mostly accounted for by the increasing interval between the top of 
the Salt sand and the bottom of the Big Injun sand. As previously 
stated, an unconformity exists at the base of the Salt sand. In the 
northwestern part of the quadrangle all of the Greenbrier limestone 
and part of the Pocono or Big Injun sand had been removed by ero¬ 
sion prior to the time of the second deposition; in the southeastern 
part some of the limestone and all of the Pocono sandstone remain. 

An allowance for this difference of interval between the kev stratum 
and the producing oil sand must be made in determining the structure 
of the oil sand. This has been done by means of the convergence 
sheet shown in PI. V. 




“ The numbers given in connection with references to wells indicate the corresponding 
numbers on the maps. 








GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. IV 



SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY, SHOWING CONVERGENCE OF BEREA SAND WITH RESPECT TO AMES LIMESTONE. 

















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































. • 

















































































GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


31 


CONVERGENCE S11EET. 


1 lie method of construction and use of the convergence sheet has 
been described on pages 23-25. The records obtained from each well 
from which the convergence sheet is made are given in Part II of 
this volume (pp. 99-113). It is here necessary only to consider two 
records, which were obtained but not used for the following reasons: 

AA' ell No. 117 is on the farm of Joseph Sapp, on Croxton Run. It 
is 1 mile west of well No. 119 and 2 miles east of No. 71. The eleva¬ 
tion of the mouth is 1,053 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops a short 
distance from the well at an elevation of 1,009 feet, or 11 feet below 
the mouth of the well. The Berea sand is recorded in the log at 
1,000 feet. This gives a distance of 956 feet from the Ames limestone 
to the Berea sand and 1,178 feet from the Pittsburg coal to the 
Berea. This distance seems too small by nearly 200 feet. The well 
was drilled below the Berea sand and to a depth of 1,455 feet. Red 
roeluis noted in the log at 280 feet below the Berea. This is 120 
feet greater than the interval between the Berea and red rock in well 
No. 149. This abnormal interval indicates that there is some mis¬ 
take in the position of the Berea as given bv the log. For this 
reason the Well was not used in making the convergence sheet. 


Log of Joseph *S Uipp well {No. JJ/7). 


Limestone and red rock. 

Sandstone.. 

Slate . 

Salt and red rock. 

Sandstone (showed black oil) 

Slate. 

Sand, Berea. 

Slate and hard shells. 

Red rock. 

Slate gray. 

Shale black. 


Top. 

Bottom. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

0 

100 

100 

150 

150 

300 

300 

700 

700 

780 

780 

1 000 

1,000 

1,040 

1,040 

1,320 

1,320 

1,330 

1,330 

1,340 

1,340 

1,455 


Well No. 488 is on the farm of Sophie Wright, south of Colliers 
Station. The Berea sand is reported in this well at a depth of 1,490 
feet. The elevation of the well mouth is 1,067 feet. The Pittsburg 
coal outcrops near the well at an elevation of 1,137 feet, or 70 feet 
above the mouth of the well. According to the record of this well 
the Berea sand is 1,560 feet below the Pittsburg coal. The well is 
within the triangle made bv wells Nos. 485, 491, and 295. Well No. 
485 found the Berea at 1,600 feet below the Pittsburg coal; well 
No. 295 of the Burgettstown quadrangle found it at 1,637 feet, 
and well No. 491 at 1,634 feet. These distances are all greater than 
that found in well No. 488. As the well was carried to the lower 
sands, it is thought there may have been a slight error in the meas- 


























32 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

urement to the Berea. The log, therefore, was not considered in 
making the convergence sheet. 


Log of Sophie Wright well (No. J t 88). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

850 

Feet. 


1,160 



l f 490 

1,510 


1,790 


No Hundred-foot sand. 

No Thirty-foot sand. 

No Gordon sand. 

2,150 


fin n Hi ft li .. ....... 

2 ,205 

2,215 


2*225 




No other data have been discarded in forming the Steubenville 
convergence sheet. Wells have been selected so as to control the 
territory as well as possible. Those whose mouths were near some 
known stratum were selected so as to avoid any error in the inter¬ 
val which might arise from incorrect contouring of the surface 
structure. 

The convergence sheet is the key to the map of the underground 
stratum, and should be studied carefully by anyone intending to 
use the map of the oil sand. The result in the Steubenville quad¬ 
rangle is considered fairly satisfactory. The wells are evenly dis¬ 
tributed over the sheet and produce isochor lines that are fairly 
regular. The distance between these lines increases regularly to 
the southeast. In one portion of the map, however, the isochor lines 
are too close together for good results on the lower sands. This 
area lies in the northeast corner of the quadrangle, over the Turkey- 
foot oil pool, and extends to Ohio River across the south slope of 
the new Cumberland anticline. Here the increasing divergence is 
nearly 50 feet to the mile. An increase at this rate would require a 
large-scale map and many check wells to obtain accurate results on 
the lower sands. 

In the construction of the map of the Berea sand of the Cadiz 
quadrangle ° a convergence sheet, governed along the east edge by 
the records of wells Nos. 221 and 228 of the present report, was 
used. 1 he difference in interval at these two wells was divided pro¬ 
portionately over the distance between them. Since that map was 
made two other wells (Nos. 145 and 402) have been drilled in the 
Steubenville quadrangle near the line of the Cadiz quadrangle, 
i hese Wells show that the interval increases more rapidly at the 
south than at the north. Owing to this new information, the con- 

n Griswold, W. T.. The Berea grit oil sand in the Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio: Bull. U. S. 
Geol. Survey No. 198, 1902, PI. I, 






























GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 33 

tours on the Berea sand between these two wells will not coincide 
with those published on the map of the Cadiz quadrangle. 

DISCUSSION CG CONDITIONS AS SHOWN BY MAP OF BEREA SAND. 

POSSIBILITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER PRODUCTIVE SANDS. 

In the Steubenville quadrangle oil and gas are derived principally 
iiom the Berea sand. (See PI. VI.) The Salt sand has produced 
some gas (see p. 35) and the Big Injun a little oil, but practically 
the area may be considered as “ a one-sand district.” The lower 
sands of the V enango oil group probably are not present in any por¬ 
tion of this quadrangle, except along the southeastern quarter. Well 
iNo. 149, on Ci ox ton Run, was drilled 250 feet below the Berea and 
reports no sand. The record of well No. 147, previously given, 
extends 415 feet below the Berea and reports no sand. Well No. 405 
v as put down near Fernwood with the avowed purpose of drilling 
for the lower sands. It reached the Berea at 1,288 feet and was 
continued down to a depth of 3,000 feet and reports that only 
“ markers ” of the lower sands were found. On the east side of the 
quadrangle well No. 488, south of Colliers Station, was drilled 735 
feet below the Berea. Its record shows no Hundred-foot, Thirty- 
foot, nor Gordon, but does include the Fourth and Fifth sands. 

Well No. 478, on Cross Creek, produces gas from what is probably 
the Hundred-foot sand. The record obtained did not give the posi¬ 
tion of the Berea sand, but from the interval of the producing sand 
below the Pittsburg coal it is evidently below the Berea. This pro¬ 
ducing sand may extend some distance farther west, as no tests for 
the lower sands have been made between this point and Fernwood. 

UPPER LIMIT OF SATURATION. 

The major portion of the Steubenville quadrangle is within the 
same structural basin as the southeastern part of the Cadiz quad¬ 
rangle. Owing to this fact, the line of complete saturation in the 
two quadrangles should be about the same. In the Cadiz quadrangle 
this line is at an elevation of about — 280 feet, or, as the contours 
are numbered on the map of the Steubenville quadrangle (PI, VI) — 
from a datum plane 1,000 feet below sea level—at an elevation of 
720 feet. The wells of the Island Creek pool produced salt water 
and are the highest wells that may be spoken of as salt-water wells. 
In them the elevation of the sand is from 730 to 770 feet, indicating* 
that in the Steubenville basin the line of complete saturation is some¬ 
where near the 750-foot contour. 


3496—Bull. 318—07-3 



34 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


DESCRIPTION OF OIL POOLS. 


Iii the description of the structure and oil accumulation the writer 
will take the opportunity of pointing out what appear to be favorable 
conditions for the extension of existing pools or the location of new 
ones, but in doing so he simply expresses an opinion as to conditions 
and in no way prophesies oil or gas production. 


TURKEYFOOT POOL. 


The New Cumberland anticline, being the most prominent struc¬ 
tural feature of the quadrangle, is deserving of first consideration. 
The top of this anticline is above the line of complete saturation. If 
at some former period the water line was at a higher level, it would 
have caused the oil to accumulate at the top of the anticline, and with 
the gradual lowering of the water level the oil would have followed 
it down unless caught by small terraces or impervious rock. This 
seems to be the condition on the east side of the New Cumberland 
anticline. Here oil pools occupy the steep eastern slope as far down 
as its base or the present water line. The governing factor in the 
location and jiroduction of these pools seems to be the condition of the 
sand. 

The Turkeyfoot pool was the first to be developed in the quad¬ 
rangle. It is probable that many more wells have been drilled than 
are shown on the map. A large number have been abandoned and 
all traces of them effaced. Since the first discovery of oil at Turkey- 
foot there have been periods when the price of oil was very low. 
During such times many wells that did not pay a profit, but were 
not yet exhausted, were abandoned. 

No records were procured of wells Nos. 275 to 279. It was 
learned, however, that these wells produced some oil and large 
quantities of salt water. The drilling was probably extended from 
Avell No. 275 in a northwest line in the hope of getting out of the 
water area. This result would have been better accomplished had 
the development been extended to the west or southwest instead of 
to the north. 


KNOXVILLE POOL. 

On the west side of the New Cumberland anticline oil is found 
in the flat at the base of the steep slope. Theoretically this is a 
correct location for oil territory. All of the area lying between 
Knoxville, Osage, and Island Creek post-office should be productive 
territory. In many places, however, it has been found barren, owing 
to the hard and impervious condition of the sand. The most prob¬ 
able area in this locality not yet prospected seems to be south of well 
No. 10, where the structural conditions indicate good territory as 
far as the village of Osage. 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 35 


ISLAND CREEK POOL. 

Wells Nos. 114 to 170, with few exceptions, represent the Island 
Creek pool. The western limit of this pool seems to be pretty well 

Nos. 142, 143, and 144, which are all on 
the theoretical extension of the pool in that direction. Well No. 145 
is a fair “ gasser ” in the Berea sand. Since the 750-foot contour of 
the sand passes one-half mile southeast of the well, the conditions 
seem to be favorable for a water-line accumulation of oil at this 
point. 1 he east end of the Island Creek pool has extended up the 
stiuctuial slope higher than would be expected. From the vicinity 
of wells >vos. 114 and 115 the producing territory should extend due 
cast, south of the village of Pekin, and on to the headwaters of Little 
Island Creek, across Browns Island, and north of Braithwaite sta¬ 
tion. I lie writer does not intend to predict that oil will be found 
to this extent, but to imply that the area is favorable, since the 
location is about the top of the completely saturated area of the 
Beiea sand. I rom this line northward the sand rises rapidly. It 
is to be expected, that the oil would accumulate at the base of the 
anticlinal dome on the south, as it has on both the east and west, A 
small amount of oil has been procured in Avells Nos. 387, 388, and 381). 
If development from these wells had been extended a little north of 
Avest instead of in a north-south line, the probabilities are that the 
results would have been favorable. 


BLUCK POOL. 

The Bluck pool in Island Creek township is the latest discovery 
in the Steubenville quadrangle. To the north and east it is limited 
by gas Avells and* dry holes. The structural conditions are such as 
to indicate the extension of the pool due Avest. 

WINTERSVILLE TERRACE. 

Tavo miles northwest of the village of Wintersville is a structural 
terrace, which presents a favorable location for oil. The top of 
this flat is beloAV the line of complete saturation. The oil should, 
therefore, be on the top level of the terrace. Well No. 517 pro¬ 
duced large quantities of salt water. No positive information was 
obtained with reference to well No. 518, though it was reported dry, 
but theoretically its location seems to be good. The best location 
seems to be betAveen Nos. 518 and 402. 

GAS WELLS NOT FROM THE BEREA SAND. 

Wells Nos. 400 and 401 are represented on the map of the Berea 
sand. They Avere not, hoAveA^er, drilled to that sand. In the Salt 
sand a heavy floAv of gas Avas encountered through which it was 


36 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

impossible to drill. The wells were therefore shut in and the tools 
moved to the location of well No. 402, which was carried through to 
the Berea sand with unfavorable results. 


GOULD AND M’INTYRE. 

The Gould and McIntyre pools, in the southern part of Cross 
Creek Township, lie at the same elevation along the strike of the 
formations. They are probably accumulations caused by small ter¬ 
races. This is shown by the contours on the Gould pool. The 470- 
foot contour passes through the center of the McIntyre pool and 
therefore destroys the semblance to a terrace as represented by the 
contours, though the records show that the elevation of the sand is 
nearly the same in most of the wells in this pool. To the northeast 
of the Gould pool are two wells (Nos. 411 and 412) which produced 
some oil and large quantities of salt water. 4Veil No. 410, to the 
northwest of these, was dry, owing to the poor sand. Between these 
wells is a very small area that appears to be favorably located and 
may prove to be productive territory. 

COLLIER TERRACE. 

South of Colliers Station two wells have been drilled which showed 
indications of gas in the Salt sand. South of these wells the struc¬ 
tural conditions are favorable for either oil or gas. 


•f 


CHAPTER IV. 

GENERAL GEOEOGY OF THE BURGETT8TOWN QUAD¬ 
RANGLE. 

DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE. • 


LOCATION. 

The Burgettstown quadrangle joins the Steubenville on the east, 
lying between 80° 15' and 80° 30' west longitude and 40° 15' and 4(P 
30 north latitude. Most of the area covered by the quadrangle is in 
V ashington County, Pa. A small part of Beaver County is included 
along the north edge and a portion of Allegheny County in the 
northeast corner. Burgettstown, from which the quadrangle receives 
its name, is situated on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. 
Louis Railway, near the center of the quadrangle. 


TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

The streams of the quadrangle are all tributaries of Ohio River, 
but they flow in various directions to reach this stream. Raccoon 
Creek, whose two main branches rise in the southern half of the quad¬ 
rangle, flows directly north through the middle of the northern half. 
On both sides of this stream are main dividing ridges, from which 
the waters flow in both directions—on the east to Chartiers Creek, 
and on the west direct to Ohio River. 

All the streams have cut deep valleys, between which are rounded 
hills whose summits reach from 200 to 300 feet above the main vallev 
levels. The complete dissection of the surface by the smaller streams 
presents favorable conditions for geologic work. 

GEOLOGIC FEATURES SHOWING AT THE SURFACE. 


SECTION OF ROCKS EXPOSED. 

The surface of the quadrangle is composed of the Conemaugh, 
Monongahela, and Washington formations. The total section ex¬ 
posed is about 750 feet. In the northern half the surface outcrop is 
about equally divided between the Conemaugh and the Monongahela 
formations. In the southern half little of the Conemaugh formation 


37 


38 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


is exposed, by far the larger part of the surface being occupied by 
the Monongahela, which, however, toward the south passes below 
water level and is succeeded by the Washington formation. 


KEY HORIZONS AND INTERVALS. 


Within the formations exposed are a number of easily identifi¬ 
able beds that make excellent guides by which to follow the geology. 
Of these the Pittsburg coal is by far the most prominent. • Its base 
has therefore been selected as the key horizon upon which to show the 
surface structure. This coal shows in outcrop in all of the northern 
half of the quadrangle, except a small area in the northwest corner. 
Throughout most of this section the outcrop appears at enough 
places to furnish sufficient data for complete structural work. South 
of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway the dip 
of the formations carries the coal under cover a short distance from 
the railroad. It appears again on Chartiers Run and Westland Run 
in the southeast corner and on Cross Creek in the southwest corner. 

Below the Pittsburg coal the principal marking stratum is the 
Ames limestone, which occurs near the middle of the Conemaugh 
formation. This limestone outcrops in the valley of Raccoon Creek 
from the north edge of the quadrangle to the mouth of Brush Run, 
also in Harmon Creek and Aunt Clara Fork of Kings Creek, but 
was not noted on Kings Creek. The conditions are not favorable 
for measuring the interval between the Ames limestone and the 
Pittsburg coal within the Burgettstown quadrangle. This distance 
as determined in the Steubenville quadrangle to the west varies from 
219 to 224 feet, and in the Beaver quadrangle to the north it is 
about 230 feet. These intervals were accepted along the borders of 
the quadrangles. 

The Monongahela formation has a number of members that may 
be used as key rocks. The Sewickley and Uniontown coals at the 
bottom and top of the Benwood limestone are available for this 
purpose. They were little used, however, owing to'the fact that 
both of these coal beds are small and their outcrops inconspicuous. 
Although small, the coals are usually present and they were identi¬ 
fied in a number of places. The Sewickley coal is about 102 feet 
above the base of the Pittsburg, and the Uniontown coal is from 
206 to 222 feet above the same horizon. 


The two beds in the lower section of the Benwood limestone called 
the Dinsmore and Bulger limestones, which are described in the 
chapter on stratigraphy in Part II of this paper (pp. 69-70), are 
the best marking strata in the middle of the Monongahela forma¬ 
tion. these two beds have been employed more" extensively in 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 39 


determining the structure of the rocks than any other member 
except the Pittsburg coal. On the east side of the quadrangle, south 
of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway, the 
Bulger limestone is an excellent guide as far south as Cherry Run, 
also through the southern part of Mount Pleasant Township. In 
the western part of the quadrangle south of the railroad the Dins- 
more is more prominent than the Bulger limestone, but the latter 
is present, and was used in many places. 

Many comparisons of elevations were made for determining: the 

t o 

distance of these two beds above the Pittsburg coal, with the follow¬ 


ing results: In Jefferson Township the Dinsmore bed is 138 feet 
and the Bulger bed 167 feet above the base of the Pittsburg; coal; in 


Smith Township the Dinsmore bed is 132 feet and the Bulger bed 
155 feet above; in Mount Pleasant Township the Dinsmore bed is 
140 feet and the Bulger bed 165 feet above. 

The It aynesburg coal, at the top of the Monongahela formation, 
maintains a fair thickness in all parts of the quadrangle except in the 
central part of Mount Pleasant Township. This coal is in Smith 
Township, 264 feet; in Mount Pleasant Township, 270 feet; and in 
Jefferson Township, 278 feet above the base of the Pittsburg coal. 
In the Claysville quadrangle, south of Burgettstown quadrangle, 
this interval was determined from well records to be about 290 feet 
near the north edge. In view of this fact an interval of 285 feet 
was used along the south edge of the Burgettstown quadrangle. 

In the Washington formation the Waynesburg “A” and “ B ” coals 
are guides to the stratigraphy. They were, however, little used for 
determining the surface structure except in a limited area east of 


Hickory. 

*/ 

The Washington coal is the best marker between the Waynesburg 
coal and the Upper Washington limestone. This coal was used 
largely in determining the geologic structure in the middle of the 
southern half of the quadrangle. The distance of the Washington 
coal above the Pittsburg coal in Smith Township was determined by 
well records to be 364 feet. In Mount Pleasant Township the 
Washington coal averages 108 feet, and in Cross Creek Township 
107 feet above the Waynesburg coal. 


PROBABLE ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT OE INTERVALS. 


An examination of the results of these measurements shows a 
gradual increase in the intervals from north to south. This increase, 
however, is not large enough to demand the averaging of measure¬ 
ments taken in different parts of any one township. 

In the measurements of the distance between the different strata, 
a range of 20 feet was found in the intervals. This range was 


40 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


remarkably constant, being the same for short distances as for long 
distances. Thus the variation of interval between the Pittsburg coal 
and the limestone closely underlying it is nearly 20 feet, and the 
range of intervals between the Pittsburg coal and the Bulger limestone 
and between the Pittsburg coal and the Waynesburg coal, distances 
of 165 and 270 feet, respectively, is about the same. With a range of 
results of 20 feet, the average is probably correct within 10 or 15 feet. 
The limit of error, therefore, in the map showing the structure of 
the Pittsburg coal should be within 10 or 15 feet at points where 
outcrops were located. Between such locations the difference of 
elevation is spaced in by the contour lines, the correctness of which 
depends on the number of located points. About 600 geologic loca¬ 
tions were made in the quadrangle, the positions of which are shown 
on the map (PI. VII). Three small areas are noticeably deficient in 
information. The apparent absence of the Ames limestone on Kings 
Creek and the uncertainty regarding the identity of the coal bed there 
exposed leave a number of square miles without reliable data. In a 
small area near and to the north of Bavington the Ames limestone is 
not exposed, and the hills are not high enough to catch the Pittsburg 
coal. This small area could be easily spanned by contours were it 
not for the fact that the coal on the west side of the creek is in a 
syncline and that to the east nearly on the crest of an anticline, there 
being a difference of 60 or 70 feet in the elevations. Owing to 
this absence of outcrops of marking strata the east side of the 
syncline is not well defined. In the main synclinal trough southeast 
of Cross Creek the located outcrops are good, but few in number. 
The map of this area could be improved by level work off the roads, 
but the present work did not seem to warrant this expense. With 
these exceptions the representation of the surface structure shown on 
PI. A II is believed to be fully up to the contour limit of accuracy. 

STRUCTURE. 

The geologic structure represented by the contour lines on PI. VII 
brings out prominently the results of the two systems of folds that 
are present in the Burgettstown quadrangle. These systems are at 
right angles to each other, with strikes a little east of north for the 
major system and north of west for the minor system. The com¬ 
pression in an east-west direction has formed anticlinal ridges and 
synclinal troughs, whereas the compression in a north-south direc¬ 
tion has formed hardly more than monoclines and terraces, with the 
strong dips of the monoclines to the south. The combination of 
these two systems has formed a number of domes, terraces, and 
basins. 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF BITRGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 41 


The most important structural feature of the quadrangle is the 
Burgettstown syncline. This trough enters the quadrangle at the 
south edge, east of West Middletown, and extends in a direction 
about due north nearly to the north edge of the quadrangle. Here 
the trend changes to. northeast. This syncline has been broken by 
the east-west folding into three important structural basins in this 
quadrangle. The northernmost is at Five Points, where the cross¬ 
ing of a shallow syncline in an east-west direction forms a basin of 
considerable extent. The next basin to the south is at the bottom 
of the most pronounced east-west break and in the line of the Bur¬ 
gettstown syncline. This basin is named from Cross Creek village, 
although the center of the basin is over a mile to the east of the 
village. Near the south edge of the quadrangle is the third basin, 
which extends into the Claysville quadrangle. The center of the 
basin is a little to the east of West Middletown, on the south fork 
of Cross Creek. It is called the West Middletown basin. 

Two important domes rise on the east side of the Burgettstown 
syncline. One of them, called the Candor dome, is located north of 
the village of Candor. The rocks rise steeply through a distance of 
over 100 feet from the east, south, and west toward the center of 
the dome, but to the northwest the descent is gentle, the total amount 
being about 30 feet. The Westland dome, at Westland, in the south¬ 
east corner of the quadrangle, is a small but pronounced feature 
from which the rocks descend in all directions. 

On the west side of the quadrangle from Eldersville southward the 
rocks remain comparatively high as far as Cross Creek. This pro¬ 
duces an anticlinal nose, on the end of which is a very low dome, 
called the Gillespie dome. 


GEOLOGIC FEATURES BELOW THE SURFACE. 


CONVERGENCE SHEET. 

As has been previously stated, the convergence sheet is the drawing 
on which the final map of the sand depends, for with its completion 
the map making becomes a mechanical operation, in which judgment 
forms only a small part. The convergence sheet should be carefully 
studied and thoroughly understood before any actual drilling opera¬ 
tions which are suggested by the representations of the map are 
undertaken. 

The convergence sheet of the Burgettstown quadrangle is made 
from the records of 60 oil wells whose positions are fairly well distrib¬ 
uted over the quadrangle. Most of the records accepted are direct 
steel-tape measurements to the Hundred-foot sand, but where the 
Hundred-foot is absent or where the gas and oil comes from lower 


42 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


sands the steel-tape measurement to some other sand has been taken 
and the average distance that the Hundred-foot sand is known to be 
above or below this sand subtracted or added to obtain the interval 
for use on the convergence sheet. This method has been employed 
in the northwest corner of the quadrangle, where the Berea is the 
lowest sand reached by the drill and where the Hundred-foot sand 
is probably not present. To the recorded distance of the Berea below 
the surface in this area 190 feet has been added. This interval is 
obtained from a number of records of wells in the Steubenville quad¬ 
rangle, which show the distance of the Berea above the u red rock, 
also from records of wells in Jefferson township, in the Burgettstown 
quadrangle, which show the Hundred-foot shells or Berea sand above 
the “ red rock ” and the Hundred-foot sand below the red rock/’ 

In the McDonald pool, on the east edge of the quadrangle, and in 
the Westland gas territory, most of the oil and gas comes from the 
Gordon sand and the Fifth sand. By a comparison of a large num¬ 
ber of records from this territory, it is found that the Gordon lies 
from 195 to 220 feet below the Hundred-foot, with an average dis¬ 
tance of 210 feet, and that the Fifth sand averages 119 feet below the 
Gordon, or 329 feet below the Hundred-foot. These figures have 
been used in reducing measurements to the Gordon or Fifth sand to 
measurements to the Hundred-foot sand. 

For the northeast corner of the quadrangle better results could be 
obtained if more well records were employed in the construction of 
this part of the convergence sheet. Many wells have been drilled in 
this locality and the elevations of the mouths of most of them were 
obtained, but all efforts to procure the records of these wells have been 
without success. 

The convergence sheet is shown upon Plate VIII. This illustration 
is printed upon transparent paper, so that any new information ob¬ 
tained may be added, and the drawing then used to correct the map 
of the Hundred-foot oil sand. The data from which the convergence 

o 

sheet was made are given in detail in Part II (pp. 132-148). 

The irregularity of convergence between the Pittsburg coal and the 
Hundred-foot oil sand in the Burgettstown quadrangle, as shown on 
PI. VIII, is not favorable for detailed mapping of the sand. There 
is a difference of 200 feet m the interval between these two members. 


This could be easily taken care of were it a gradual increase from one 
corner of the quadrangle to the other, but the well records show an 
area of small interval, which extends in a northwest-southeast direc¬ 
tion across the southern third of the quadrangle, and from this area 
the coal and sand diverge in all directions. The determination of 
the exact location of the area of lesser interval is difficult. It can 
hardly be assumed that the wells have been drilled at the exact points 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 43 


of least interval; nor is it probable that the convergence is regular 
between these wells and adjacent wells. 

As has been stated, the area of small interval is in the southern 
third of the quadrangle. As determined, it extends from the vicinity 
of Cross Creek village in a southeasterly direction toward Hickory, 
and thence on to T\ estland. The data for this location are furnished 
by four complete records of the following wells: Well No. 832 shows 
a distance of 1,748 feet between the Pittsburg coal and the ITundred- 
foot sand; well No. 630, an interval of 1,747 feet; well No. 649, an 
interval of 1,750 . feet, and the Parkinson well, No. 661, 1,760 feet. 
These records are given in detail on pages 137-141. 

It will be noted that in the Miller well (No. 630) the Thirty-foot 
sand occurs at a distance of 100 feet below the Hundred-foot, and 
the Fifth sand at a depth of 419 feet below the Hundred-foot. No 
Gordon sand was noted in this record. In the Lyle well (No. 649), 
drilled by the same company, the Thirty-foot sand was found at 101 
feet, the Gordon at 320 feet, and the Fifth at 430 feet below the 
Hundred-foot sand. These records show an excess* in the interval 
between the Hundred-foot sand and the Gordon sand of about 100 
feet. This would indicate that the Hundred-foot sand has risen in 
the general section, reducing the interval between it and the Pitts¬ 
burg coal and increasing the interval between it and the Gordon sand. 
This fact„ if proved, would be interesting, but for the reason that few 
wells have been drilled below the Hundred-foot sand there are not 
sufficient data to establish it. 

The increasing interval to the northeast from the Pry, Miller, 
and Lyle wells is not a sudden break, but a gradual increase; not 
probably as regular as is represented by the convergence sheet, but 
with some degree of regularity. This is shown by a line of wells 
through the Burgettstown oil field from Cherry Valley to the valley 
of Burgetts Fork. In these wells the distance from the Pittsburg 
coal to the Hundred-foot sand increases to the northeast. 


OIL AND GAS SANDS. 


Below the surface of the Burgettstown quadrangle are found most 
of the sands from which oil and gas have been produced in western 
Pennsylvania. The Murphy sand, although probably present, is 
not mentioned in the well records examined and has produced no 
oil or gas within the area. The first two sands below the Pittsburg 
coal that are noted in the well records are the Little and Big Dunkard 
sands. They are not productive in any portion of the Burgettstown 
quadrangle and are noted in but few of the well records. These 
sands are the equivalent of the two parts of the Mahoning sandstone 


44 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WtfST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


of the Conemaugh formation. The top of the Big Dunkard, or 
lower sand rock, is about 425 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Next below the Big Dunkard is a sand 35 to 100 feet thick that has 
produced gas in different parts of the quadrangle, and is named by 
the drillers and operators the “ Gas ” sand. Its geologic position is 
in the Allegheny formation, and it probably corresponds with the 
Homewood sandstone. The average distance of the top of this sand 
below the Pittsburg coal is about 000 feet. 

The next lower sand is the Salt sand of the Pottsville formation. 
This bed lies at a distance of about 840 feet below the Pittsburg 
coal. It is a white sand and a gas producer in most of the geo¬ 
logically high localities; at other places it is saturated with salt 
water. This sand is always cased off' in wells which are drilled to 
the lower sands. At the base of the Salt sand is the unconformity 
already noted (p. 15). 

Below this unconformity and above the Big Injun sand are usually 
found two limestones and an intervening sand. These are known to 
the drillers as the Little and Big lime and the Keener sand. They 


belong to the Mauch Chunk formation and represent the Greenbrier 
limestone. 

At the base of the Big lime is the Big Injun sand. This is a 
heavy sandstone stratum ranging from 150 to more than 200 feet 
in thickness, in which the sands are of different colors and of differ¬ 
ent degrees of coarseness. The top of this sand is about 1,050 feet 
below the base of the Pittsburg coal. At about 1,340 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal and a short distance below the base of the Big Injun 
sand is a sand 20 to 35 feet thick, called by the drilling fraternity 
the “ Squaw ” sand. This sand has shown indications of oil in differ¬ 
ent places within the Burgettstown quadrangle, but so far has fur¬ 
nished no productive wells. 

At a distance of 1,480 to 1,520 feet below the Pittsburg coal a small 
sand is often found, heavily charged with salt water and called the 
Bitter Rock. Between 1,600 and 1,700 feet below the Pittsburg coal 
lies the Berea sand of Ohio, but in this area it consists almost entirely 
of closely cemented hard shells called the Thirty-foot shells. From 
90 to 100 feet below the Thirty-foot shells is the “ red rock.” This 
is not a sandstone, but a shale, and is generally noted by the drillers 
on account of its red color. Almost exactly 100 feet below the top 
of the u red rock is the top of the Hundred-foot oil sand. This is 
the most prolific sand ol the Burgettstown quadrangle, and its upper 
surface is represented by the red contours on the map (PI. IX). Its 
distance below the Pittsburg coal in different parts of the quadrangle 
is shown by the isochor lines on the convergence sheet. The Hun¬ 
dred-foot sand and those above it, up to and including the Big Injun 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 45 


sand, belong to the Pocono formation. About 100 feet below the 
Hundred-foot is the 1 hirty-foot sand. This has produced oil in a 
portion of the Burgettstown oil field and lias yielded gas at other 
places in the quadrangle. About 210 feet below the Hundred-foot 
sand is the Gordon, which is the principal producing sand in the 
southeastern portion of the quadrangle. Along the southern border 
of the quadrangle an extra sand appears a few feet above the top of 
the Gordon, and is called the Gordon Stray sand. At a distance of 
about 60 feet below the Gordon sand is the Fourth sand, and about 
120 feet below the Gordon is the Fifth sand. Both of these lower 
sands are producers in the eastern portion of the quadrangle, but have 
been reached in only a few places in the central portion and in these 
have been found unproductive. 


DISCUSSION OF CONDITIONS AS SHOWN BY MAP OF HUNDRED- 

FOOT SAND. 

DESCRIPTION OF MAP. 

A contour map of the top of the Hundred-foot oil sand constitutes 
PL IX. The contours that represent the upper surface of the sand 
are printed in red on the topographic base map. These contours do 
not extend fully over the map, owing to the lack of reliable informa¬ 
tion in the northeast corner of the quadrangle for constructing a con¬ 
vergence sheet* The vertical ‘interval between the contours is 10 
feet. The numbers upon them represent the elevation from a datum 
plane 2,000 feet below sea level. This datum plane was adopted to 
avoid the use of the minus sign. The wells drilled in the quadrangle 
are represented by the accepted symbols for dry holes, producing oil 
wells, and gas wells. These symbols are printed in two colors—red 
and blue. Those in red represent wells that have been drilled no 
deeper than the Hundred-foot sand, and where they are known to 
have stopped in one of the sands above the Hundred-foot, a red cross 
is placed to the right of the symbol. The symbols printed in blue 
represent wells drilled to the Gordon, Fourth, or Fifth sands. 

CONDITION OF SATURATION. 

The wells of this region show that the Hundred-foot sand contains 

little, if any, salt water within the Burgettstown quadrangle. Since 

the producing sand is generally dry, the oil should be found in the 

svnclines rather than in the anticlines. This condition is found to 
*/ 

exist. Of the three pronounced synclinal basins in a north-south line 
through the middle of the quadrangle, two contain oil pools of con¬ 
siderable size; the third has by no means been thoroughly tested. 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


46 


DESCRIPTION OF OIL POOLS. 


FIVE POINTS POOL. 

In the northern half of the quadrangle the synclinal basin rises 
west of Five Points. The oil has accumulated on the slope of this 
basin from the north, west, and southwest. The presence or absence 
of salt water in the center of the basin was not positively determined. 
If the water is absent, there seems to be no good reason why the oil 
should not extend to Raccoon Creek and southward to Bavington. 
It will be noted, however, that the surface structure shows the Five 
Points syncline as an independent basin. This structure has been 
largely eliminated on the convergence sheet. If lack of sufficient 
data on the convergence sheet has thrown the map of the Hundred- 
foot sand into error and the Five Points syncline is an independent 
basin on that sand, the same as on the Pittsburg coal, there is good 
reason why the production should not extend to Bavington. 

It is not known whether any wells have been drilled below the 
Hundred-foot sand in search of lower sands in the center of the Five 
Points basin, but if this has not already been done it seems advisable 
to do so, for if the lower sands are present in this locality they are 
probably productive. 

FLORENCE POOL. 

The oil pools southeast of Florence are accumulations upon struc¬ 
tural terraces. The conditions of accumulation in these pools are 
impossible to determine from the surface, owing to the lack of par¬ 
allelism between the outcropping strata and the oil-bearing sand. 

BURGETTSTOWN POOL. 

The oil pool which now extends from Cherry Valiev to the village 
of Cross Creek was in course of development during the progress of 
the field work on which this report is based. The development of 
this pool commenced in Cherry Valley and extended in a southwest¬ 
erly direction to the valley of Burgetts Fork. Here it seemed for a 

b} ^ hole (No. 572) on the farm of II. J. Lyle. 
As this limitation did not appear to agree with the geologic conditions 
as know n at that time, the writer then suspected that an accumula¬ 
tion of oil existed on the western side of the synclinal basin, as had 
been found on the eastern side. This territory has since proved to 
be productive. 

From structural conditions, there seems no reason why all of the 
aica lying south and east of the 1,090-foot contour, which goes 
through Cross Creek village and passes to the north and west of 
Quakers Knob and thence northeast and east to a point north of the 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 47 

fii area of development in Cherry Valley, should not be productive. 
Iheie has been an attempt to extend the development in this direc¬ 
tion, but the wells drilled have been of small production, and this has 
tended to discourage the further testing of the field. The small yield 
of the v ells is probably due to the hard and compact condition of 

the sand. 1 his may change at any point and wells of large produc¬ 
tion be developed. 

b mm the C ross Creek syncline a long, narrow trough extends to 
the Krackemer wells at the head of Cherry Valley. These wells 
pi oduce oil fiom the Gordon sand. The structural conditions seem 
favorable for the existence of an oil pool in the Hundred-foot or one 
of the lower sands along the bottom of the north slope of the trough 
from the Krackemer wells to the Cross Creek development. 

WEST MIDDLETOWN SYNCLINE. 

The only large syncline in the quadrangle which has as yet fur¬ 
nished no oil is the West Middletown syncline, which extends south¬ 
ward into the Claysville quadrangle. One test well (No. 818) on 
the Gilbert Stewart heirs’ farm was drilled by Barnsdall & Co. in 
connection with the Wheeling Gas Company in what would appear 
to be a very favorable location, ^o detailed record or positive 
information could be obtained about the well, but there seems to be 
little doubt that it was dry in all sands. Probably the most favor¬ 
able location for a test well in this territory would be along the 
Wabash Railroad 1 mile west of the Twin Bridges. Since the com¬ 
pletion of the field work information has been received that a well 
was drilled near the intersection of the public roads three-fourths 
of a mile northeast of West Middletown. This location is almost 
exactly in the bottom of the syncline, at a favorable position for an 
oil pool. It is understood that the sands here were also found to 
be dry. 

M’DONALD POOL. 


On the east edge of the quadrangle a portion of the McDonald pool 
is represented. The oil here comes from the Gordon and Fifth sands, 
and the wells are therefore represented on the map in blue. As only 
a portion of the pool is shown the map does not fully represent the 
conditions causing the accumulation at this point. The oil is found, 
however, as in the previously described pools, in the bottom and on 
the northwest slope of the syncline. The conditions from Primrose 
to the Krackemer wells at the head of Cherry Valley all seem to be 
favorable for oil accumulation, though at the present time there is 
considerable acreage within this area that is not producing. The 
country was not sufficiently examined for old dry holes or unsuccess¬ 
ful tests to say that this area has not been thoroughly prospected. 


CHAPTER V. 


(GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 

DESCRIPTION OF SURFACE. 

LOCATION. 

The Claysville quadrangle lies directly south of the Burgettstown 
quadrangle, between meridians 80° 30' and 80° 15' west and 
parallels 40° and 40° 15' north. The territory lies within the bound¬ 
aries of Washington and Greene counties, Pa., only a narrow strip 
along the southern border being in the latter county. 

TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

This quadrangle lies wholly within the basin of Ohio River. 
Roughly, the eastern third is drained at the north by Chartiers Creek 
into the Ohio at Pittsburg, and at the south by Tenmile Creek east¬ 
ward to Monongahela River. Streams in the northwestern quarter 
of the quadrangle drain through Buffalo Creek into the Ohio at 
Wellsburg, W. Va. In the southwestern quarter, Robinson, Temple¬ 
ton, and Rocky runs carry the drainage through Wheeling Creek to 
Ohio River at Wheeling. 

The topography made by these streams is of the same general 
type as that already described for the Steubenville and Burgettstown 
quadrangles. The height of the hills above the main streams is from 
200 to 400 feet. 

GEOLOGIC FEATURES SHOWING AT THE SURFACE. 

SECTION OF ROCKS EXPOSED. 

The outcropping rocks of the Claysville quadrangle belong to 
the Permian and Pennsylvanian series. Of the former, there are 
about 500 feet of the Greene formation and the entire thickness (275 
feet) of the Washington. 4he Pennsylvanian series is represented 
by about 300 feet of the Monongahela, including the rocks down 
to a bed a few feet above the Pittsburg coal. The rocks are all of 
sedimentary origin, being principally sandstones and shales, which 
carry at irregular intervals beds of limestone and coal. Of these 
beds the Claysville and Prosperity limestones of the Greene forma- 
48 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF 0LAYSY1LLE QUADRANGLE. 


49 


tion, the Upper \\ ashington limestone and Washington coal of the 
Washington formation, and the Waynesburg coal of the Mononga- 
hela are easily recognized and widespread in outcrop. These beds 
have furnished most of the data from which the surface structure 
was determined, and for this reason are the only ones mentioned 
below. A detailed description of all the rocks showing at the sur¬ 
face is given in Part II of this paper (pp. 149-175). 

KEY ROCK AND INTERVALS TO IMPORTANT BEDS. 

The Upper Washington limestone marks the top of the Washing¬ 
ton formation. It is a thick and very persistent limestone bed, hav¬ 
ing two or three characteristic milk-white layers near the top that 
render its identification easy over a large portion of the Claysville 
quadrangle. For this reason, and also because it shows in outcrop 
over a greater area than any other bed in the southern portion of the 
quadrangle, it has been selected as the key horizon from which the 
structure of the surface rocks is mapped. This limestone is well 
exposed along the sides of the valleys of the larger streams in the 
townships of Morris, North and South Franklin, East and West 
Finley, and the southern portions of Donegal, Buffalo, and Canton. 
To the north of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad it is well up 
toward the tops of the hills, and in Independence and Hopewell 
townships it is present only in the highest hills. In Cliartiers town¬ 
ship the bed is entirely absent. 

The Claysville and Prosperity limestones outcrop in more or less 
isolated patches along the tops of the high ridges of East and West 
Finley, North and South Franklin, and both Morris townships. 
Owing to the pronounced dip of the rocks over the small area in 
which these beds are exposed and the great horizontal distance be¬ 
tween their outcrops and that of the Upper Washington limestone, 
it is not possible to determine accurately the vertical distance or inter¬ 
vals between them. At only seven places in the quadrangle were the 
intervals between the Upper Washington limestone and these beds 
obtained with a degree of accuracy worth recording. These meas¬ 
urements shoAv the Claysville limestone to be from 185 to 221 feet 
(mean, 203) and the Prosperity from 101 to 115 feet (mean, 108) 
above the key rock. In several places these beds have been of great 
value in determining the direction and amount of dip of the rocks. 

The Washington is the most conspicuous bed of coal in the Clays¬ 
ville quadrangle. It is entirely under cover in the townships of 
East and West Finley, Morris, and South Franklin, but is well 
exposed in North Franklin, Canton, Hopewell, Blaine, Buffalo, Done¬ 
gal, Independence, and portions of Cross Creek and Mount Pleasant 


3496—Bull. 318—07-4 



50 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


townships. The value of this coal bed as a geologic marker lies in 
the fact that it is best exposed in the northern portion of the Clays- 
ville quadrangle, where the outcrops of the Upper Washington 
limestone are scanty or entirely wanting. The exposures of these 
two beds overlap sufficiently to allow accurate measurement of the 
interval between them. More than 40 measurements were made, 
ranging from 15G to 168 feet, showing an average of 162 feet. 

The Waynesburg coal marks the top of the Monongahela forma¬ 
tion and is next to the Washington coal in importance in the Clays- 
ville quadrangle. Its southern line of outcrop is in the valley of 
Dutch Fork near Budaville, Donegal Township; in the valley of 
Buffalo Creek just south of Taylorstown; and in Chartiers Creek in 
the vicinity of Washington. From these points northward its area 
of outcrop widens to the border of the quadrangle. No direct meas¬ 
urements were made of the distance between this bed and the Upper 
Washington limestone, because of the difficulty of finding outcrops 
of both near enough to eliminate the dip. Good measurements were 
obtained, however, by adding the distance between the Waynesburg 
and Washington coal beds to that found at other places in the imme¬ 
diate vicinity between the Washington coal and the Upper Washing¬ 
ton limestone. The mean interval, as determined from over 30 
measurements, is 275 feet. 

GEOLOGIC FEATURES BELOW THE SURFACE. 


IMPORTANT HORIZON. 

Below the A\ aynesburg coal the next important geologic marker 
is the Pittsburg coal. This bed does not outcrop in the Claysville 
quadrangle, but a general knowledge of it has been obtained from 
mine shafts and from deep wells. It is only a few feet under cover 
at the point where Chartiers Creek leaves the quadrangle, but 
throughout most of the area it lies so far below the surface that it 
has not yet been mined, though it is everywhere accessible. Its dis¬ 
tance below the Upper Washington limestone increases from north 
to south at a fairly uniform rate. Over Hopewell, Independence, 
Chartiers, and the northern portion of Canton townships the interval 
is about 550 feet. Through the middle tier of townships it gradually 
increases from 600 to 625 feet at their south edges, from which to 
the south border of the quadrangle the distance appears to increase 
more rapidly, reaching a maximum of about 700 feet, though the 
information is meager, as few wells have been drilled in this vicinity. 

Of the rocks below the Pittsburg coal direct information comes 
from the logs of deep wells. Within the Claysville quadrangle over 
1,200 veils have been drilled to depths varying from a few hundred 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OE CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


51 


to more than 4,000 feet. Drillers have noted and named certain 
prominent or easily identified beds found in the Avells, and have in 
most instances recorded the depths at which each of these beds was 
encountered. Owing to the uniform and widespread occurrence of 
the Pittsburg coal and the ease with whjch it is recognized by the 
driller, it has come to be universally used in this region as the base 
from which the intervals to underlying beds are measured. This 
interval and the known sequence of the beds form the principal 
means by which they are identified, though some strata have indi¬ 
vidual characteristics by which they may be recognized over large 
areas. In this connection it should be stated, however, that there 
are certain other factors to be taken into consideration and it is 
necessary to accept information from well records with caution, 
^ome drillers are careful and exact both as to measurements and 
the correlation of sands; others are careless and neglectful, giving 
little heed to any rocks except those producing oil or gas. In a 
few instances where the information is conflicting in a given area 
it has been difficult, for this reason, to choose between the good and 
the bad. Another source of error is in the measurements themselves. 
Especially is this true where measurements have been taken by cable 
to unproductive beds and by steel line to the productive sands in 
the same well. Where a steel line is used the distance is measured 
very accurately, but with the cable as a measuring line the results 
are as a rule unreliable. (For a detailed description of these 
methods, see p. 29.) 


SECTIONS OF SUBSURFACE ROCKS. 


In order to illustrate the relative position and thickness of the 
prominent subsurface beds within this quadrangle the records of six 
wells, situated on a zigzag line across the quadrangle from south to 
north, have been selected to show typical sections of the rocks of the 
vicinity from which each is taken. It is believed that a careful 
examination of these sections (PL XI) will give a clearer and more 
comprehensive knowledge of the relative thickness and stratigraphic 
relations of these beds than could be conveyed by pages of description. 
BeloAV the Pittsburg coal are several prominent sandstone beds of 
the Conemaugh, Allegheny, and Pottsville formations down to the 
unconformity betAveen the Pottsville and the Mauch Chunk, the 
Avhole being generally designated the shallow sands. The second 
group or upper sands extends from the top of the Mauch Chunk 
through the Pocono formation, the bottom of Avhich is probably a 
short distance above the Gordon Stray sand. All sandstone beds 
below this horizon in the upper portion of the DeAmnian are gen¬ 
erally designated the lower sands by the oil fraternity. 


52 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


CONTOUR MAP OF UPPER WASHINGTON LIMESTONE. 

To reduce the elevations taken on other horizons than the Upper 
Washington limestone to the equivalent elevation of that stratum, 
the mean intervals mentioned above for each marking stratum have 
been used with few exceptions. Over a considerable portion of the 
northeast corner of the quadrangle, where the horizons of the Upper 
Washington limestone and the Washington coal are above the highest 
hills, and the Waynesburg coal is too thin to be easily recognized, 
the surface structure has been mapped from the Pittsburg coal as a 
secondare kev horizon. To the elevations of this coal, as given in 
numerous oil wells and bv the map of the Arden mine, was added an 
interval of 575 feet to determine the position of the key rock. This 
amount is the mean of all measurements obtained from wells along 
the east line of outcrop of the Washington coal and Upper Washing¬ 
ton limestone. The map of the surface structure in the northeast 
corner of the quadrangle, as made from these elevations, may be in 
error in certain places in amount equal to the difference between this 
mean interval and the true one between the Pittsburg coal and Upper 
Washington limestone at those places. 

With these elevations established on the Upper Washington lime¬ 
stone over the whole quadrangle, a map of the surface structure, as 
shown by the key rock, was easily made by drawing contour lines 
(level lines) connecting points of equal elevation. On PI. X con¬ 
tour lines showing the structural position of the surface rocks are 
printed in green on the topographic base map. These lines have a 
contour interval of 10 feet and are numbered with reference to their 
distance in feet above sea level. 

By a study of these contours it will be seen that the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone, together with the other surface rocks of the Clays- 
ville quadrangle (which were first laid down under water in fairly 
horizontal layers), in being raised to its present position has been 
subjected to more or less wrinkling. This folding or wrinkling 
results in structural features of two general types—(«) the “ highs,” 
or irregularly ridge-like anticlines, the tops of some of which cul¬ 
minate in small domes, and (b) low troughs or synclines, the bottoms 
of which here and there form shallow basins. 


WASHINGTON ANTICLINE. 

The most prominent anticline crossing the Claysville quadrangle 
enters it from the east a short distance from Arden station on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, 3 miles north of Washington. The crest of 
this ridge, which is called the Washington anticline, pitches very 
steeply toward West Washington, reaching the bottom of a * low 
saddle between two domes about 1 mile to the southwest of this town, 


U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. Xl 



SECTIONS OF DEEP WELLS IN THE CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE 




















































































































































































































































a*? 





















































































































GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLA YSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


53 


near the pumping station of the Citizens’ Water Company. From 
this point the crest rises slowly to the southwest to a point about a 
mile west of Lagonda, where it culminates in a small dome. Thence 
the crest line changes its direction slightly toward the south and 
pitches again to a low divide, the bottom of which is at the point 
where this anticline crosses Tenmile Creek, 1^ miles northeast of 
Pleasant (trove. The top of the next dome is about three-fourths of 
a mile south of this village, near the corner of East Finley, Morris, 
and South Franklin townships. Continuing southward the crest 
pitches steeply to a point a little west of the Joint schoolhouse, from 
which it describes a sweeping curve to the south and southwest, leav¬ 
ing the quadrangle at a point almost directly south of East Finley. 
From the village of Gale southward the location of the crest is not 
clearly determined owing to the scarcity of recognizable outcrops. 


NINEVEH SYNOLINE. 

The Nineveh syncline, which lies to the southeast of the Washing¬ 
ton anticline, extends across the southeastern part of the quadrangle. 
It enters from the south, 2 miles from the southeast corner, and leaves 
the east border 2 miles directly east of Van Buren, near Cross Roads 
schoolhouse. Southeast from this trough the rocks rise again to 
the crest of the Amity anticline, which lies less than a mile beyond 
the southeast corner of the quadrangle. 


FINNEY SYNCLINE. 

Northwest of the Washington anticline is the Finney syncline, the 
bottom of which crosses the south border of the quadrangle 21 miles 
from the southwest corner, near the junction of Rocky and Temple¬ 
ton runs. Its bottom is broad and irregular at the south line of the 
quadrangle, but rises and narrows abruptly to the northeast, the 
greatest contraction occurring 1 mile south of Fargo, where a low 
cross fold, with an indistinct northwest-southeast trend, raises the 
bottom of the syncline sufficiently to form a small basin to the north. 
At the point where Buffalo Creek crosses the East Finley and Buffalo 
township line there is another shallow trough, and from this the 
bottom on the syncline rises 60 feet to the next basin, which extends 
from a point a short distance south of Coffeys Crossing to Woodell 
and a mile farther west. From the northeast end of this basin the 
bottom of the syncline swings northward in an almost direct line 
toward the northeast corner of the quadrangle, rising about 100 feet 
per mile until it dies out against the high, broad dome near this 
corner. Stevenson® calls this trough the Mansfield svncline, con- 


a Stevenson, J. .T., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. K, 1876, p. 31. 





54 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


sidering it the southward continuation of the one crossing the Penn¬ 
sylvania Railroad at Mansfield, Allegheny County, but since it 
appears to be entirely cut off from that syncline in this quadrangle 
it seems advisable to give that portion which lies within the quad¬ 
rangle and to the south a new name. 


CLAYSVILLE ANTICLINE. 


The next anticline west of the Finney syncline enters the quad¬ 
rangle on its west border within 24 miles of the southwest corner. 
From this point it has a general northeasterly trend, the crest line 
rising and falling in a series of domes and saddles, but continuously 
gaining in elevation northward until it culminates in a high, broad 
dome, the top of which lies in the Burgettstown quadrangle to the 
north of Gretna. This “ high ” covers the northern part of Chartiers 
and Canton and the eastern part of Hopewell townships to a point 
a mile south of Buffalo village, and from it the rocks dip in all 
directions except to the northeast. Between this point and the high 
dome 14 miles north of Claysville the crest line of this anticline is 
very indistinct. These domes are separated by a broad, low saddle 
in which rises a tiny steep-sided dome of only a few. hundred acres 
in extent lying half a mile north of Taylorstown. South of the dome 
near Claysville the crest pitches, with but a single small interruption, 
to the west edge of the quadrangle. 


WEST MIDDLETOWN SYNCLINE. 

1 lie A est Middletown syncline enters the quadrange from the 
north, its starting point being northeast of West Middletown, and 
passes out on the west border near Buffalo Creek. About 1 mile 
north of the last-named location is the bottom of a deep basin from 
which the rocks rise steeply along the trough to the north boundary 
of the quadrangle. From this syncline northwestward the rocks rise 
about 300 "feet before the corner of the quadrangle is reached. 


CONVERGENCE SHEET. 

A number of measurements taken between the Upper Washington 
limestone and the Gordon sand at different points in the Claysville 
quadrangle show that these beds do not lie parallel over any con¬ 
siderable area, but that they converge more or less rapidly from south¬ 
east to northwest. PI. XII is intended to show the rate of this con¬ 
vergence so far as it has been possible to determine it. The foci 
from which radiate straight lines represent wells at which measure¬ 
ments of the intervals between these beds were taken. The differences 
m the intervals shown by adjacent wells are laid off proportionately 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


55 


for each 5 feet of vertical change on a straight line connecting the 
wells. The isochor lines (curved lines on the drawing) are supposed 
to be drawn through points of equal distance between the beds. It 
can be readily seen, however, that in this wav no account is taken of 
changes in the rate of convergence that may exist over local areas 
between wells, and that it is possible to refine the drawing indefinitely 
as new measurements between the beds are introduced. At several 
places in this quadrangle the evidence of a change in the rate of con¬ 
vergence between wells has been considered sufficiently strong to 
warrant the drawing of the isochor lines so as to cross the straight 
lines connecting wells at points other than those obtained by propor¬ 
tioning the distance. The most notable deviation of this kind from 
the regular method of making up the drawing is over a large portion 
of the lower right-hand corner. By placing the transparent con¬ 
vergence sheet over the map of the oil sand (PI. XIII) it will be 
seen that a broad belt of very rapid convergence is shown to pass 
through the southern part of South Franklin, the northwest corner 
of Morris, and the southeastern part of East Finley townships. Evi¬ 
dence showing the existence of this rapid change in distance between 
the beds in the southern portion of the belt is presented by wells Xos. 
956 and 948. In No. 956 the J. II. Irwin well No. 1, on Rocky Run, 
1 mile west of the village of Gale, the distance between the Upper 
Washington limestone and the Gordon sand is 2,710 feet. In the 
Ben Farabee well (No. 948), 1 mile north of Old Concord, the dis¬ 
tance, though not accurately determined, is about 2,805 feet, showing 
a change of 95 feet in the interval between these beds. On the con¬ 
vergence sheet this change is represented as occurring uniformly 
between the wells, but it is possible that the rate varies considerably, 
though there is no way of determining at what place these variations 
occur. From the Farabee well above mentioned to well No. 947, on 
the Lee Andrews farm one-half mile north of Lindleys Mill, the 
distance between the Upper Washington limestone and the Gordon 
sand increases onlv 20 feet. This increase, it should be noticed, is 
not distributed proportionately between the wells, and it is possible 
that the change in the rate of convergence just east of the Farabee 
well is even less abrupt than that shown by the isochor lines. Unfor¬ 
tunately, the J. L. ITogue well (No. 946), three-fourths of a mile 
east of Old Concord, did not reach the Gordon sand, and of the wells 
of Greene County a short distance south of this quadrangle none 
afford a good measurement between the Upper Washington limestone 
and the Gordon sand, so the isochor lines in that vicinity are drawn 
more or less hypothetically. At well No. 951, the B. C. McCarroll 
well No. 1 on Crafts Run, the distance between these beds is 2,780 
feet, which shows a change of 70 feet between this well and the 


56 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

Irwin well west of Gale. The David Craft well No. 2 (No. 953) 
shows the same distance as No. 951, and the J. S. Hunter well (No. 
954), 1 mile farther north, shows the distance to be 2,776 feet, or a 
convergence of only 4 feet. In the Bell gas well (No. 828), 1J miles 
northeast of well No. 954 and about 1 mile west of Van Buren, the 
distance from the Upper Washington limestone, which outcrops on 
both sides of this well, to the Gordon sand is but 2,701 feet, showing a 
convergence of 75 feet between this point and well No. 954. At the 
mouth of the S. J. Plymire well (No. 830) the exact elevation of the 
Upper Washington limestone is not known, but it is calculated with 
sufficient accuracy to give the distance between it and the Gordon 
sand within a few feet, the interval as determined being 2,732 feet. 
This shows an increase of only 31 feet, and is fairly conclusive evi¬ 
dence that the belt of rapid change in distance between these beds 
passes to the south of this well. This evidence is strengthened by the 
fact that the interval changes 93 feet between wells Nos. 830 and 947, 
mentioned above, as against 20 feet for the considerably longer dis¬ 
tance between wells Nos. 947 and 948. Hence the proportional dis¬ 
tance for isochor lines between wells Nos. 830 and 947 has been 
ignored, and relatively the same rapid change in distance between 
the beds is shown to the south of well No. 830 as was found to exist 
between wells Nos. 828 and 954 and also from well No. 956 to well 
No. 948. Good measurements to the Gordon sand in the Blackley * 
Bindley well (No. 952) and the Booth heirs’ well (No. 1100) would 
have definitely settled this point and admitted of the determination 
of the convergence throughout this area with much greater exactness. 
Though repeated efforts were made to procure the records of these 
wells, unfortunately neither of them could be obtained. 

To the north and west from this belt of rapid convergence the 
interval between the beds decreases at a very regular rate, so far as 
can be determined. Over a broad strip along the west edge of the 
quadrangle no attempt has been made to show the convergence, 
because no data are at hand on which to base it. A sufficient number 
of wells have been drilled in this territory, but a most careful and per¬ 
sistent inquiry resulted in procuring only two of their records, and it 
is extremely doubtful if the others were preserved. At the J. R. 
McCleary well (No. 1121), of which a record was obtained, the ele¬ 
vation of the Upper Washington limestone could not be had. In the 
William Patterson well (No. 1120) the interval shown from the rec¬ 
ord to be 2,650 feet seems a little small, if judged from that given at 
wells Nos. 1125 and 1113. For want of more information in regard 

o 

to the conditions farther west this measurement was not used. It 
will be seen from the isochor lines that northwest and north of the 
John N. Rush well (No. 1161) the distance between the beds increases. 
The straight lines radiating in those directions from this well are 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSYILLE QUADRANGLE. 


57 


drawn to wells in the Burgettstown and Steubenville quadrangles, 
which go down to the Hundred-foot sand, the distance from this sand 
to the Gordon being estimated. Along these lines and in several 
other places throughout the quadrangle the isochor lines have not 
been drawn proportionally between wells, for the reasons given above. 

DISCUSSION OF CONDITIONS AS SHOWN BY MAP OF GORDON 

SAND. 

DESCRIPTION OF MAP. 

Within this quadrangle every principal sandstone bed from the 
Gas sand to the Fifth has produced more or less oil or gas. Nearly 
all of this yield comes, however, from the Gantz, Gordon Stray, Gor- 
don, Fourth, and Fifth, the Gordon easilv leading: both in area of 
producing sand and in amount of oil and gas furnished. On PI. 
XIII wells getting their oil or gas from the shallow and upper sands, 
down to and including the Gantz, are represented in orange, those 
from this horizon through the Gordon in red, and those from the 
Fourth and Fifth in blue. In areas where each well produces from 
two or more of these groups alternate wells have been given the colors 
of the groups represented. Many records do not show from what 
group the oil comes; these and all dry holes, together with the struc¬ 
tural contours on the Gordon sand, are also in red. The above out¬ 
lined division is only a general one. A large number of wells in this 
territory have been exhausted and abandoned. Many of these old 
wells were not located in the course of the field work, and no informa¬ 
tion could be had in regard to some of those that were located. The 
incompleteness of the records also makes a correct grouping of all 
the wells impossible. 

The Gordon sand lies between 1,000 and 2,000 feet below sea level. 
In order to avoid the confusion likely to arise from the use of minus 
elevations a datum plane 2,000 feet below sea level was selected from 
which to draw the structural contours on this sand. The contours 
are numbered in feet above this datum plane, and to ascertain the 
depth below sea level of the sand at any point it is necessary only to 
subtract the elevation of the contour at that point from 2,000 feet. 

STRUCTURE OF GORDON SAND. 

The structure of the Gordon sand as shown by these contours con¬ 
forms in a general way to that already given for the surface rocks, 
though in detail it is at many points quite different. The more 
important of these variations are referred to on page 55. This 
structure throughout the productive area is shown in greater detail 
than that of the surface rocks. Level lines were run to hundreds of 
wells in which the distance to the sand was given by the record, 


58 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


so that in most of this territory the mapping has been done from 
measurements made directly to the sands, thereby avoiding the use 
of the less accurate convergence sheet. For this portion of the 
quadrangle the map is probably almost as correct as the scale and 
contour interval will allow. For the southeastern and southern parts 


of the quadrangle the result is far less accurate, owing to the scarcity 
of wells and also because of the rapid and very unequal change in 
distance between the Gordon sand and the surface rocks, which 
renders the convergence sheet of little aid in working out the struc¬ 
ture of the underground beds. In this portion of the sheet the gen¬ 
eral features are correctly represented, but an implicit dependence on 
the details as shown is not to be encouraged. In an area of this kind 
there are always more or less conflicting data, and the small struc¬ 
tural features shown on the map simply represent the preponderance 
of evidence. However, it is believed that the map is sufficiently 
accurate to be of great value in drilling that portion of the quadrangle 
which still remains untested. 


DESCRIPTION OF OIL ANO GAS POOLS. 

WASHINGTON-TAYLORSTOWN OIL POOL. 

The Washington-Taylorstown oil pool, together with its extensions 
to the south and southwest, embraces the entire productive area of 
the quadrangle, with the exception of a group of three small pro¬ 
ducing wells about 1 mile south of Point Lookout, with which this 
pool seems to have no direct connection. As may be seen from the 
map (PL XIII), one or more of the three groups of producing sands 
previously mentioned contain oil in the bottom and along the sides 
of the northern portion of the Finney syncline in a continuous belt 
from Washington to a point within half a mile of Claysville, and 
southward along the eastern slope of this trough to and around the 
nose of the Washington anticline, near the low saddle on Tenmile * 
Creek. In this basin are finely revealed the conditions set forth on 
PL I (p. 16). More or less salt water is found in all the sands, but in 
no two is it at the same level. In each sand the lower edge of the 
productive belt lies directly above the top of the salt water in that 
bed, and, so far as the records reveal it, this line is practically hori¬ 
zontal. The upper limit of the productive belt in each bed is parallel 
to the lower edge only in a general way, the width of the belt being 
governed apparently by minor structural features and the dip, 
thickness, and porosity of the sands. 

It will be seen from PL XIII (pocket) that the productive area of 
the Gordon sand lies in a broad belt around the steeply pitching crest 
of the Washington anticline at Washington and along the northern 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


59 


slope of the Finney syncline between the 580-foot and 680-foot con¬ 
tours. I hroughout this area the Gordon sand has an average thick¬ 
ness of not more than 15 feet, being rarely 30 feet, and having a pay 
streak usually less than 10 feet thick. Nevertheless, it has been one of 
the most prolific sands in the region, a large number of the wells 
having had an initial flow of 100 to 500 barrels per day. Many 
of these were drilled ten to twenty years ago, but are yet being 
pumped. To the north and west from Taylorstown station the oil is 
derived entirely from this sand. It should be noted that the produc¬ 
tive belt is widest where the rocks have the least dip. In the vicinity 
of Taylorstown the top of the Claysville anticline is flat, the crest line 
being very indistinct, and, as shown on PI. XIII, it lies at least a mile 
farther to the west than the corresponding feature shown on the map 
of the surface structure (PI. X, pocket). In the productive region 
along the eastern side of this anticline measurements were made 
directly to the sand in a large percentage of the wells, and the struc¬ 
ture is mapped with great accuracy. The occurrence of several dry 
holes (Nos. 82, 83, and 720) and a gas well (No. 719) northeast of 
Taylorstown is inexplicable, so far as structure goes, all of them 
being clearly within the productive area as indicated by the structural 
map (PI. XIII). The nonproductiveness of this spot may be due to 
the imperviousness of the sandstone over a small area, though the 
fact that well No. 719 is a small gas well would be somewhat against 
this view. No mention is made of the condition of the sands in the 
records of these wells. The records of wells Nos. 719 and 720 were 
used in making the structural map. Eastward from this point the 
width of the belt gradually narrows as the dip increases, and at the 
same time the productive area of the Fourth and Fifth sands overlaps 
more and more that of the Gordon sand group until in the vicinity of 
West Washington and a mile or so farther west most of the wells 


nave obtained at least a showing of oil in all the sands below and 
including the Gantz, many of them having been pumped from three 
sands. 

At the east end of the basin at Finney the Fourth and Fifth sands 
produce oil in about the same territory as the Gordon sand group, 
with the exception that the pool in the Gordon sand seems to extend 
farther to the south along the top and eastern slope of the Washing¬ 
ton anticline. Most of the gas in the northern portion of this dome 
comes from the Fifth sand, the records showing but one well (No. 
347) that obtained gas in the Gordon sand. On the northern side of 
the small basin west of Woodell the southernmost line of wells is in 
the Fifth sand. These all show salt water in the lower portion of 
the sand, with oil directlv above. On the southern side of this basin 
after diligent inquiry, only the wells shown on the map could be 
found, and hence it is taken for granted that the evidence furnished 


60 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


by the dry holes (Nos. 380, 442, 417, 1200, and 1201, the records of 
none of which could be obtained) and by the presence of salt water 
in the Fifth sand in the row of wells to the north has been considered 
sufficient by the operators to condemn this country. The record 
shows that the Fifth sand in well No. 443 is “ shelly,” and it is pos¬ 
sible that this territory is condemned because of poor sand in the 
Fourth and Fifth. Otherwise, if the sands are good, this area is not 
sufficiently tested, and a well put down a little less than half a mile 
due southeast of well No. 380 would have a good show of getting oil 
in any sand below the Gantz, and especially in the Fourth and Fifth 
sands. Should a test here show oil a detailed map on a large scale 
would probably be worth many times its cost. 

In the bottom of the Finney trough to the east and south of 
Coffeys Crossing, the Fourth sand carries the greater amount of oil, 
though the Fifth is usually a good producer. In all the productive 
territory of the Fourth, it appears to carry very much less salt water 
than either the Gordon or the Fifth sand. Along the crooked bottom 
of the trough south west ward from Coffeys Crossing, the Fifth sand 
soon becomes the prominent oil-bearing bed. At- Avell No. 544 this 
sand is 22 feet thick, carrying two streaks of coarse pebbly pay sand, 
2 and 5 feet thick, with gas above. This well yielded 353 barrels of 
oil in the first twenty-four hours, and is still a good producer. In 
this area the Fourth sand carries gas, the Gordon salt water, and the 
Gordon Stray in many wells both gas and oil. The records of wells 
Nos. 489 and 499 were not obtained, and for this reason the structure 
of the small area surrounding them in which no wells are shown on 
the map (PI. XIII, pocket) is to be taken with some allowance, though 
it is not far from correct. In this area the Gordon is doubtless filled 
with salt water, but there is no structural reason whv both the Fourth 
and Fifth sands should not be productive. If these sands are good 
within the area, there are probably portions of them which contain 
oil. 


Between well No. 554 and the west edge of the shallow basin east 
of Coffeys Crossing, the Fifth sand does not seem to carry much salt 
water, probably because the bottom of the trough pitches so steeply 
that the water has drained down into the next basin to the southwest. 
At dry hole No. 885 the Fifth sand is completely saturated, and it is 
likely to be found in that condition at all points within the basin 
below the 480-foot contour. Above this line around the sides of the 
basin there is a possibility of the sand carrying more or less oil. 
Southward from well No. 544 the productive belt seems to lie prin¬ 
cipally between the 540-foot and 590-foot contours, the oil coming 
from the Gordon Stray and Fifth sands, but mostly from the Fifth. 
It will be noted that a line of dry holes (records of which could not 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSYILLE QUADRANGLE, 


61 


be obtained), beginning with No. 1092 at the north and ending with 
No. 1191 at the south, appears to mark effectively the western limit 
of this productive area. Well No. 1091, at the center of the saddle 
on the Washington anticline where it crosses Tenmile Creek, is a 
small producer in what is reported to be the Gordon sand, but ac¬ 
cording to the record of this well the interval between the producing 
sand and the Pittsburg coal is the same as that given in adjacent wells 
for the Gordon Stray sand, and it is possible that the producing sand 
has been incorrectly identified. The productive belt seems to pinch 
out at this point, but the chances of its extension to the southwest are 
discussed on page 63. On the north side of this basin, to the west 
of well No. 541, the Fourth and Fifth ^ands have been found pro¬ 
ductive as far west as Buffalo Creek, but so far as known none of the 
test wells put down west of this creek struck the sand at the right 
level to obtain oil. 

Most of the oil coming from the Gantz and Fifty-foot sands is 
found in and to the west of Washington and around the head of the 
basin northwest of Woodell. These sands also carry more or less 
oil at a few other places, as shown on the map (PI. XIII). 

As stated elsewhere these sands together are equivalent to the 
Hundred-foot sand of the Burgettstown quadrangle. The original 
Gantz Avell (No. 1010) is in the borough of West Washington. This 
well was finished January 1, 1885, and was the first paying oil well 
drilled in Washington County. It flowed 50 barrels per day from 
the Gantz sand and was later drilled deeper and became a producer 
from the Gordon sand." The Gantz sand is reported in all the de¬ 
tailed well records throughout the quadrangle, with a thickness rang¬ 
ing from 10 to 60 feet. Its greatest production comes from the 
eastern portion of the Washington-Taylorstown field. The Fifty- 
foot is also widespread and yields oil and gas in about the same locali¬ 
ties as the Gantz. In only a few records is any mention made of salt 
water in these sands. 


POINT LOOKOUT OIL POOL. 

The Point Lookout pool contains only three producing wells, all of 
which obtain oil in the Fifth sand. No information in regard to the 
condition of the different sands penetrated in these wells could be 
obtained, and the records fail to show the facts of most vital impor¬ 
tance in regard to the extension of the pool, namely, the amount of 
salt water occurring in the different sands. Two dry holes (Nos. 
876 and 798) have been drilled near enough to this territory to be 
of value in determining the direction in which to prospect, but unfor- 


a p or the early history of the Washington field see Carll, J. F., Ann. Eept. Geol. Survey 
Pennsylvania for 1886, 1887, pp. 622-623, 







OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIIiGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


62 


tunately the records of dry holes seem to be considered bv most 
operators as not of sufficient value to justify preservation. For this 
reason it can not be stated definitely whether this pool is at or near 
the top of the salt water, or is far above or below the line of satura¬ 
tion. It is possible for small accumulations to occur at almost any 
point because of local conditions in the sand or of structural features 
too minute to be shown on a small-scale map. If, however, the Fifth 
sand is of good quality at this place, and the wells are located at or 
near the top of the salt water, there is a possibility that the pool 
may be extended to the southwest along the strike of the rocks. 

BUFFALO GAS FIELD. 


Fhe Buffalo gas field includes all the gas territory on the high 
dome north of the Washington-Taylorstown oil pool. From it has 
been produced an enormous quantity of gas, which comes in varying 
amounts from all the principal sands below and including the Salt 
sand. Most of it, however, is obtained from the Salt, Gantz, Gordon, 
Fourth, and Fifth sands. Southwest of Buffalo and in one or two 
wells to the north, the Salt sand is a heavy producer. Northeast of 
Buffalo most of the gas comes from the Gordon, though some is from 
the Fourth and Fifth sands. Farther east the Gordon appears 
to be the most productive, so far as is shown by the records. Many 
of the wells in this sand are still producing. By an examination of 
the map (PI. XIII) it will be seen that between the northern bound¬ 


ary of the Washington-Taylorstown oil pool and this gas field there 
is a narrow belt in which neither oil nor gas has been found. No 
explanation of this phenomenon is apparent. The information fur¬ 
nished by records of wells over this territory is very meager, and but 
little is known of the conditions of saturation m the shallow and 
upper sands, but in a number of places salt water is reported in the 
Salt and Big Injun sands, and less commonly in the Gas sand. 

On the small dome north of Claysville are located a number of 
wells which obtain gas from the Gordon sand. On the high anti¬ 
clinal nose jutting 4 out southward from this dome well No. 1117 has 
a fine flow of gas from either the Thirty-foot or the Gordon Stray 
sand. South of this well some gas was found in the Fifty-foot sand 
in wells Nos. 1118 and 1115. According to report well No. 1110, in 
the southwest corner of the quadrangle, obtained a small flow of gas 
in the Dunkard sand. All other gas wells in this vicinity are small 
producers from the Big Injun and Fifty-foot sands. 

In the small field near the head of Crafts Run, 3 miles west of 
Prosperity, gas is obtained from the lower portion of the Hurry-up 
oi Dunkaid sand, the Big* Injun sand, and also some from the 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


63 


I' ifty-foot sand. The wells are all light producers, and the structural 
conditions are unfavorable for a great extension of this territory. 

On the eastern slope of the Washington anticline, near the south 
end of the dome south of Washington, are a number of gas wells, the 
records of which were not obtained, though the facts learned in the 
field apparently indicate that most of these are producing from the 
upper sands. 


FAVORABLE LOCATIONS FOR NEW PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY. 

As previously stated, the primary object of the work here reported 
was not to locate new oil pools. The suggestions herein made are 
merely intended to point out those places which, in the judgment of 
the writer, are worthy of more careful study. 

From a study of the developed territory in the quadrangle it 
appears that the Finney syncline offers the best opportunity for fur¬ 
ther extension of the Washington-Taylorstown pool. The position of 
any productive territory in this basin to the south of the present line 
of development will doubtless be governed by the amount of salt 
water contained in the rocks. Unfortunately, the records of most 
wells outside of the developed area do not afford sufficient informa¬ 
tion regarding the condition of the sands and the amount of salt water 
contained in them to enable the writer to determine whether or not 
the sands are saturated, and, if saturated, to locate the upper limit of 
the water. In both directions from well No. 885 the top of the salt 
water in the Fourth and Fifth sands appears to be at about the 480- 
foot contour. It is possible, however, that this level does not persist 
over more than a small area of salt water held in the basin to the 
southwest of well No. 885, in a similar way to that found in the 
bottom of the basin east of Finney. In well No. 1116 water was 
found in the Gordon and a small amount of oil in the Fourth, but no 
mention is made in the record of salt water in either the Fourth or 
the Fifth sand, both of which are here reported to be of poor quality. 
In the records of wells Nos. 1114, 1115, and 1118 no mention is made 
of water in the sands. Well No. 955 is one of the pioneers of this 
region, and was drilled so long ago that even the owners of the farm 
do not remember the name of the company which drilled it. They 
claim, however, that a good showing of oil was found here, but it is 
not known from which sand it came. This being one of the early 
wells, it is probable that it was not drilled below the Gordon sand. 
The log of well No. 887 reports a small amount of oil in the Gordon 
sand, with water immediately below. The thickness of the sands in 
this well is reported as follows: Gordon, 43 feet; Fourth, 23 feet; 
and Fifth, 28 feet. No mention is made of water in the Fourth and 
Fifth sands. Aside from the general idea of the structure as shown 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


G4 

by the contours, the facts above given comprise all that is knov.n 
regarding the character of the Fourth and Fifth sands and the 
amount of salt water contained in them along the trough to the south¬ 
west of well No. 887. From this evidence it appears that the Fourth 
and Fifth sands are here above the main line of saturation, and that 
the chain of small pools in the shallow basins along the bottom of this 
trough are all that now remains of the salt water, which apparently 
once stood at a much higher level and which was later partially 
drained away, probably by a change in the rate and direction of the 
folding. From the above discussion the great value of an accurate 
detailed record of well No. 955 is apparent. If this well found the 
Fourth and Fifth sands to be of good quality and not saturated with 
water, the best chance for oil is about halfway between it and well 
No. 111G and southward along the strike of the rocks to a point 
beyond Templeton Run. If the Fourth and Fifth sands were found 
to be saturated with salt water in well No. 955 and the sands are of 
good quality, all the region southeast of this well to the top of the 
dome and as far east as well No. 1091 is favorable territory. The 
dome southeast of Pleasant Grove may possibly be above the water 
line in the Gordon sand; in any case, it is worth testing for oil and 
gas through all the sands. 

On the north side of the Finney syncline, west of Buffalo Creek, 
there is probably productive territory in the Fourth and Fifth sands 
somewhere on the slope between wells Nos. 907 and 1117, if the water 
level in these sands is at or near the 480-foot contour line. In this 
syncline, south of well No. 1116, the well records do not show salt 
water in the Fourth and Fifth sands. Well No. 1109 found some oil 
in the Fifth sand. These sands seem to be of poor quality, and if salt 
water does not appear to be plentiful in (hem prospectors will do well 
to keep toward the bottom of the trough until more is known regarding 
the height of the water line. The Gordon sand appears to carry 
water in this vicinity, in some places completely filling up the well. 

On Rocky Run the record of well No. 956 gives water in the Gordon 
and some oil in the Gordon Stray sand. The gas wells on Crafts 
Run show water in the Gordon at about the 450-foot level, but no 
information is to be had regarding dry hole No. 1096. This Avell 
seems to be located too high on the structure to be productive in the 
Fourth or Fifth sands and too low to catch any oil or gas that may 
have collected above the salt water in the Gordon sand on the dome 
to the north. 

In regard to the area southeast of the Washington anticline, but 
little can be added to what is shown by the structure. None of the 
records of wells in this area are complete enough to be of value in 
making deductions. Along the southern border from well No. 948 
to No. 942 the area seems fairly well tested, though the well having 


GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


65 


/ 

(lie best structural position (No. 94(>) was abandoned a short distance 
below the Pittsburg coal. If productive this well should have found 
oil in the Fourth or Fifth sands, with water in the Gordon sand. The 
record of well No. 830 mentions no salt water, though doubtless the 
Gordon at least is saturated, but reports gas in the Fifth sand. It is 
possible that this well touches the Fifth sand above the salt-water 


line; if so, it would seem that a well near the edge of the quadrangle 
east of this point might find oil in the lower sands. In view of the 
analogy between this basin and the Finney trough, it seems remark¬ 
able that no productive territory has been found along its bottom or 
sides within the quadrangle. This may be accounted for by the 
facts that the Gordon sand is completely saturated in this region and 
that the Fourth and Fifth sands have no water in them, except pos¬ 
sibly in the shallow basin at the south, or that the salt-water line in 
the last-named beds encircles the steep sides of the basin, with only a 
narrow belt of oil on the slope directly above. It may be that the 
wells of the Point Lookout pool get their oil from this belt and that 
accumulations at about this level may be found southwest of this 
field. These pools, if present, will be difficult to locate, however, ow¬ 
ing to their narrowness, the steep dip of the rocks, and small inac¬ 
curacies in the map of the structure. 

Practically nothing is known regarding the geologic structure and 
the conditions of the oil sands in that portion of the quadrangle for 
which no contours are drawn. On the convergence sheet are shown all 
the wells that have been drilled to date in the quadrangle or near 
enough to the west edge to make a knowledge of the conditions found 
in them of value in a study of the sands in the quadrangle. Except 
those of wells Nos. 1120 and 1121, not a single record seems to have, 
been preserved. In other words, of the $40,000 or $50,000 expended 
in examining this region nothing remains except a dozen dry holes 
and a little hearsay knowledge handed down from mouth to mouth. 
Enough facts might have been secured by careful observation of the 
local conditions of the rocks passed through, the amount of salt water 
encountered, and by good measurements of distances between beds, to 
enable the geologist to outline clearly those remaining localities that 
are worth testing. It is quite possible that within this unmapped 
area there is valuable oil territory, but its discovery and exploitation 
will probably cost several more wells than would be necessary if the 
work were guided by a good structural map of the sands and a 
knowledge of their condition and degree of saturation at the points 
where they have been touched. 

No record of well No. 1125 was found. The distance to the Pitts¬ 
burg coal and Gordon sand, as remembered by persons residing in 
the vicinity at the time, was used in the mapping. Well No, 1175 


3496—Bull. 318—07-5 



66 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

has no record, but from all accounts no Gordon sand was found in it, 
nor in any of the wells in the unmapped area to the north. No. 1176 
is a shallow well, but the others went below the horizon of the 
Gordon sand. In well No. 1132 the Gordon is made up of 10 feet 
of “ shells.'’ No information could be secured in regard to the other 
sands in this area, but the general impression seems to be that none 
of the lower sands are present. 




PART II.—DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS. 

CHAPTER I. 

GENE UAL ST RAT IGUAP1IY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The second part of this bulletin is intended to include such detailed 
information as will assist in the further investigation of the area or 
of adjacent areas. For this purpose a description of the different 
members which make up the formations will be given, together with 
an account of their peculiarities and their positions relative to other 
members, all of which assist in the identification of the different 
marking strata. After this each quadrangle will be considered sepa¬ 
rately by townships, the topographic position of the outcrops of the 
principal beds that have been located being described. 

The rocks to be considered include a section of about 3,000 feet, 
extending from a horizon near the. base of the Devonian system 
nearly to the top of the Carboniferous. 

The sequence of the formations is shown by the following section: 

General geologic section in Steubenville, Burgettstown, and Clagsvillc 

quadrangles. 


Series. 

Formation. 


(Greene . 

Permian. 

Pennsylvanian... 

Mississippian. 

(Washington. 

(Monongahela, including Pittsburg coal. 

Conemaugh .*... 

Allegheny. 

Pottsville. 

Mauch Chunk. 

Greenbrier. 

Pocono . 


Catskill . 




System. 


Carboniferous. 


Devonian. 


Approximate 

thickness. 


Feet. 

a 500 
275 
325 

500 to 600 
250 to 350 
150 to 350(?) 
0 to 100 
0 to 125 
750 to 850 


* Greatest thickness. 

In the detailed description of the rocks they will be considered by 
formations, those from the base of the Monongahela formation 
in ascending order to the highest strata found in the area being first 
discussed, and then each stratum from the base of the Monongahela 

67 






























68 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


down to the lowest oil sand concerning which reliable information 
has been obtained. The reason for thus commencing in the middle 
and going in both directions is that the Pittsburg coal, at the base of 
the Monongahela formation, is well known by all oil operators and 
engineers of the region and has long been used by them as a datum 
plane. 

FORMATIONS ABOVE THE PITTSBURG COAL- 

MONONGAHELA FORMATION. 

The rocks from the base of the Pittsburg coal to the top of the 
Waynesburg coal are included in the Monongahela formation. This 
is one of the most important formations in the quadrangle, not only 
as to area covered, which includes the greater part of the surface of 
the two northern quadrangles, but also as to economic value. Eco¬ 
nomically the more important members of this formation are the 
Pittsburg coal, Benwood limestone, and Waynesburg coal. 

PITTSBURG COAL AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

The important coal bed, known as the Pittsburg coal, lies at the 
base of the Monongahela formation. It is the most persistent coal 
bed known in the Appalachian field, covering much of southwestern 
Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and northern West Virginia. 

In the three quadrangles considered the bed maintains a thickness 
of nearly 5 feet of workable, coal. It is divided into four, and 
locally into five, benches by thin partings of clay or shale. 

The conditions above the Pittsburg coal differ materially in differ¬ 
ent portions of the area investigated. In the eastern half of the 
Burgettstown quadrangle the upper division of the Pittsburg coal 
is present, consisting of alternate bands 6 or 8 inches in thickness 
of shale and coal which extend for a distance of 7 or 8 feet above the 
main bed. 

In the northern part of the Burgettstown quadrangle and over 
most of the Steubenville quadrangle the main Pittsburg coal is over- 
lain by shale and a bed of dark-blue limestone 1 to 2 feet thick, the 
top of which is from 8 to 20 feet above the base of the main coal bed. 
Above the limestone is a coal bed from 6 inches to 2 feet in thickness. 
This is known as the Pittsburg Rider or Rooster seam. 

In the western part of the Burgettstown quadrangle and the east¬ 
ern part of the Steubenville quadrangle the upper division of the 
Pittsburg coal and the rocks described above are replaced by the 
Pittsburg sandstone. This is a medium-grained brown sandstone 
from 12 to 80 feet in thickness. It has the appearance of being a 
fair building stone. 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


69 


REDSTONE COAL. 

In a portion of the Burgettstown quadrangle the Redstone coal, a 
few inches in thickness, occurs 60 to TO feet above the base of the 
Pittsburg coal. It is underlain by an easily disintegrating lime¬ 
stone. The coal is not present, however, over most of the area 
investigated. 

SEWICKLEY COAL. 

The Sewickley coal, which is equivalent to the Meigs Creek coal of 
Ohio, is only 4 to 8 inches thick in the Burgettstown quadrangle and 
the eastern part of the Steubenville quadrangle. In the western and 
southern parts of the Steubenville quadrangle it increases in thick¬ 
ness to more than 2 feet and appears to be of good quality. The 
interval separating the Sewickley coal from the Pittsburg Rider 
coal is occupied by an unbroken deposit of shale TO feet thick, locally 
rather sandy, especially in the lower portion. 

ROCKS BETWEEN SEWICKLEY AND UNIONTOWN COAL BEDS. 


General description .—The rocks lying above the Sewickley and 
below the Uniontown coal are generally calcareous. In the early 
surveys of Pennsylvania this bed was called the “ Great ” limestone 
on account of its thickness (150 feet), which is unusual for a lime¬ 
stone bed in the coal-bearing rocks. Later it has been called the 
Benwood limestone, from the town of Benwood, W. Ya., a short dis¬ 
tance below Wheeling. In the area investigated this portion of the 
Monongaliela has a thickness of about 100 feet and contains many 
beds of limestone, but they are not numerous enough to justify their 
grouping together into a distinct limestone member. 

Lowest beds .—The lowest few feet of these rocks consist of thinly 
bedded limestone, which on weathering breaks up into slabs of a 
cream-white color. The space between the beds is tilled with calca¬ 
reous shale. Above this limestone is calcareous shale, but in a few 
localities it is overlain by a massive layer of light-blue limestone 
about 7 or 8 feet thick, with a conchoidal fracture and a smooth sur¬ 
face. This bed is rather impure, containing much clay. It is not 
persistent and in many places its position is occupied by yellow shale. 

Dinsmore limestone .—About 35 feet above the Sewickley coal is a 
series of limestone beds which are so characteristic that they have 
been traced and identified through the entire area of the two northern 
quadrangles. For this reason they are considered as an independent 
member of the Monongaliela formation and are named from the town 
of Dinsmore, Washington County, Pa. The total thickness of this 
member is about 4 feet. It is composed of a number of cream-white 
limestone beds from 4 to 8 inches in thickness. The spaces between 
the beds are filled with calcareous shale, which generally weathers out 


70 OIL AND gas; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


and leaves the limestone ledges in bold relief. This limestone is the 
most persistent feature of this part of the Monongahela formation. 

The Dinsmore limestone is overlain by about 20 feet of shale, 
which is olive-green in color on top and red or yellow below. 

Bulger limestone .—Above the shale just mentioned is another char¬ 
acteristic layer of limestone, which is treated as a separate member 
of the Monongahela formation and is named from the town of Ilulger, 
Washington County, Pa. In the type locality it is prominent, form¬ 
ing terraces on the sides of the hills, and consists of a solid brown 
limestone from 1 to 2 feet in thickness, breaking with an uneven 
fracture and showing a number of small crystals of calcite. West 
of the type locality, in the Steubenville quadrangle, the Bulger lime¬ 
stone has a thickness of a foot or more, is of a muddy brown color, 
and breaks with a smooth fracture. Its stratigraphic position, how¬ 
ever, remains constant, and it is underlain by the same green shale. 
It makes a reliable key rock in most of this region. 

Top beds .—Usually four separate beds of limestone can be identi¬ 
fied above the Bulger limestone, though they are not well developed 
in the Steubenville quadrangle. Immediately overlying the Bulger 
limestone is 15 to 20 feet of coarse calcareous shale, above which is 
solid limestone about 1 foot thick. This rock shows a yellow surface 
when weathered and is blue when freshly broken. The Aveathered 
surface always shows small protuberances, due to the presence of 
particles that are more resistant than the surrounding matrix. This 
gives it the appearance of being covered with small pimples, and by 
this peculiar and characteristic feature it may be easily recognized. 
Ten feet above this limestone is another about 1 foot thick, composed 
of two slightly different materials which on weathering give a spotted 
surface. This appearance is characteristic and seiwes to identify the 
rock wherever it is found. From 16 to 18 feet above the last-men¬ 
tioned bed is a blue limestone, which on weathering has a white resi¬ 
due of clay upon its surface, but despite this fact the rock is easily 
distinguished from the other white limestone, for the blue generally 
shows through the surface color. A foot or so above this bed is the 
top stratum of the Benwood limestone. On a weathered outcrop this 
is a soft yellow limestone, but on fresh fracture it sIioavs a brownish - 
red color. It disintegrates readily and is seldom found in a solid 
ledge. Usually its outcrop is marked by the presence of brown lime¬ 
stone nodules. 


UNIONTOWN COAL. 

A feAv feet aboA T e the Benwood limestone is the Uniontown coal, 
which has little or no economic importance in these quadrangles. It 
is less than 1 foot thick, and its outcrop is in many places concealed 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


71 


by the heavy sandy shale above, which has a tendency to wash down 
and cover the coal. Above the Uniontown coal is an interval of 40 
feet or more to the Waynesburg coal. This interval is occupied by 
yellow shale, with black sandstone layers. 

WAYNESBURG COAL. 

The Waynesburg coal outcrops over the southern half of the 
Steubenville and Burgettstown quadrangles and the northern half 
of the Claysville quadrangle. It varies greatly in quality, and 
the thickness ranges from less than 1 foot in parts of Mount Pleasant 
Township, in the Burgettstown quadrangle, to over 5 feet near the 
junction of Buffalo Creek and Brush Run, in the Claysville quad¬ 
rangle, where it has the following general section: 

Section of Waynesburg coal near Buffalo Creek and Brush Run. 

Feet. 

Coal_ i to S 

Blue clay_ £ to 2 

Coal with a variable number of thin shale partings_2 x tj to 

Fire clay_ t to 2 

In Jefferson Township, in the Burgettstown quadrangle, and in 
the southern part of the Steubenville quadrangle the coal has a thick¬ 
ness of 3 feet or more, but is of poor quality, owing to the presence of 
many small partings of clay. 


WASHINGTON FORMATION. 


The rocks from the top of the Waynesburg coal to the top of the 
Upper Washington limestone are included in the Washington forma¬ 
tion. The Waynesburg coal at the bottom, the Washington coal near 
the middle, and the Upper Washington limestone at the top are excel¬ 
lent key beds. Between these prominent beds are a number of mark¬ 
ing strata of minor importance. No general description can be given, 
however, that will apply to all localities. For careful geologic struc¬ 
tural work the use of the smaller coal beds is not deemed advisable, 
for they are probably not continuous throughout the area. 


WAYNESBURG SANDSTONE. 

Above the Waynesburg coal is a foot oi . o o , y 

to 8 inches of gray limestone. The limestone disintegrates easily 
and is in many places entirely wanting. Above the limestone is a 
sandstone which is locally massive, but much of which is so laminated 
as to closely resemble shale. The total thickness of the sandstone 
and shale is from 10 to 35 feet. 






72 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


WAYNESBURG “ A ” COAL. 

The small coal known as the Waynesburg “A” is only a few inches 
thick. It is generally present in the Claysville quadrangle, being 
often found in two small layers 1 to 6 inches thick, divided by 1 to 
3 feet of bluish clay. Above the coal is a hard blue limestone a foot 
or more in thickness. The distance of this coal above the Waynes¬ 
burg is from 40 to 55 feet. 


WAYNESBURG “ B ” COAL AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

From 20 to 30 feet above the limestone overlying the Waynesburg 
“A” coal is a coal bed (the Waynesburg “ B ”), usually 1 foot or more in 
thickness, but locally wanting and here and there apparently split 
into two small beds 10 or 12 feet apart. Above the coal is a sandy 
shale which in places becomes massive. This in turn is overlain by 
a limestone, the bottom layer of which is about 18 inches thick, weath¬ 
ers to a light yellow, and shows a mottled gray color when freshly 

fractured. This layer resists weathering so well that it is usually 

« 

found in rather bold outcrop. The top layer of this limestone is 
from 12 to 15 inches thick and of a bluish-gray color, in some places 
with a si iglit reddish tinge. 


LITTLE WASHINGTON COAL. 


From 8 to 20 feet above the limestone just noted is the Little Wash¬ 
ington coal, which consists of 6 inches to 1 foot of hard blocky coal, 
free from shale partings and apparently of good quality. This little 
coal bed is very persistent, being invariably present where its horizon 
is exposed, though it is easily overlooked because the hard coal makes 
little smut. The distance between this bed and the Washington coal 
above varies from 6 to 15 feet over small areas, but shows a much 
greater variation between widely separated parts of the quadrangles, 
the maximum distance found being about 28 feet. 

WASHINGTON SANDSTONE. 


Between the Little W ashington coal and the Washington coal is 
the Washington sandstone. This bed is from 5 to 25 feet in thick¬ 
ness. It is usually found in thin layers, which when closely exam¬ 


ined are seen to be oxidized on the surface to a deep red, the interior 
being of a light-gray color and very micaceous, with numerous black 
specks of carbonaceous matter. In the vicinity of Washington, Pa., 
this sandstone is massive,with layers as much as 5 feet thick. Here 
the major part of the carbonaceous matter seems to be confined to 
indistinct bands running through the rock, roughly parallel to the 
bedding planes. The amount of carbonaceous matter is not so laro-e 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


73 


as to affect the usefulness of the stone for building* purposes. 
Remarkable variations in the thickness of the Washington sandstone 
may be noted in the cuts along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
from 4\ ashington westward to Woodell station. Here the top of the 
bed, capped by the Washington coal, dips gently and evenly to the 
west, whereas the bottom of the bed, overlying the Little Washington 
coal, rises and falls in a series of undulations measuring from a few 
feet to 100 yards or more from crest to crest, the difference of thick¬ 
ness of the sandstone by this unevenness of its bottom being in places 
as much as 6 or 8 feet, though the usual range is from 1 to 3 feet. 

WASHINGTON COAL. 

The Washington coal lies not far from the middle of the Washing¬ 
ton formation. Next to the Pittsburg coal it is the most prominently 
outcropping and most easily recognized coal bed of the area investi¬ 
gated. It shows in outcrop in the southeast corner of the Steuben¬ 
ville quadrangle, in all townships south of the Panhandle Railroad 
in the Burgettstown quadrangle, and throughout the middle and 
northern portion of the Claysville quadrangle. 

The general thickness of the Washington coal bed is from 7 to 8 
feet. This total is made up by a succession of layers, about G inches 
thick, of coal and shale in the upper part of the bed and a bench of 
solid coal, from 2J to 3 feet thick, in the lower part. The seams of 
shale in the upper part of the bed seriously affect the economic value 
of the coal, but in no way detract from its value as a guide to geology. 
If the coal is exposed in section, it can be readily recognized by its 
lower bench, the shale and clay partings along the center of the bed, 
and the 4-inch seam at the top overlapping 1 to 2 feet of fire clay. 

LOWER WASHINGTON LIMESTONE AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

Above the Washington coal is from 5 to 15 feet of coarse black and 
brown shale, which extends upward to the Lower Washington lime¬ 
stone. The bottom layer of this limestone is from 10 inches to 2 feet 
thick and bluish gray, with reddish streaks. The thickness and tex¬ 
ture of this layer differ greatly in many adjacent localities. It is, in 
general, rather argillaceous and in many places weathers to a bright 
yellow. Overlying it are several thin layers of limestone, having a 
total thickness of 2 or 3 feet. These rocks are usually gray in color 
and have a somewhat slaty cleavage. They are succeeded by 10 to 18 
inches of a yellowish-gray limestone, which shows on fresh fracture 
a steel-gray color. Overlying this limestone is from 5 to 6 feet of 
black or blue shale containing, in one or two places noted, a few inches 
of shaly coal. The next two limestone layers above this shale are 
of about equal thickness, amounting to a total of 4 to G feet. Both 


74 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


are somewhat cherty, have a steel-gray color on fresh fracture, 
changing to light gray when exposed to weathering, and disintegrate 
very readily into small, roughly cubical blocks. 

Directly overlying the Lower Washington limestone is a bed of 
dark to black fossiliferous shale from 1 to G feet thick. Near the 
bottom of this shale there is exposed in numerous localities a thin bed 
of shaly coal, which, at a few places near Taylorstown in the Clays- 
ville quadrangle, attains a thickness of about 18 inches. This black 
shale is capped by G or 8 feet of yellowish shale, which merges into 
a reddish thin-bedded sandstone, usually from 5 to 20 feet thick. 
This sandstone varies greatly in thickness, in places being massive 
and filling the entire interval between the Lower and Middle Wash- 
ington limestones, with the exception of a few inches of black and 
yellow shales at the top and bottom. In an old quarry once operated 
by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, on Buffalo Creek, one-fourth 
mile south of the u S ” bridge, the bed is between 40 and 50 feet 
thick, with a single 20-foot layer near the bottom. Above this sand- 
stone is usually 4 to 6 feet of brown shale to the bottom of the Middle 
Washington limestone. 

MIDDLE WASHINGTON LIMESTONE. 

The Middle Washington limestone lies from 50 to 65 feet above 
the Washington coal. It consists of several limestone layers sepa¬ 
rated from each other by a few inches to 2 or 3 feet of shale, and 
having a total thickness of 10 to 30 feet. There are but four layers 
in the bed that are at all easily recognized—a 2 to G inch deep-pink 
ledge at the bottom, two yellow ledges about the middle, and near 
the top a 6 to 8 inch cream-white layer which has a dark mottled 
color on fresh fracture, the white appearing on the outside as if the 
stone had been painted. The yellow layers are from 1 to 2 feet 
thick. The lower one is about double the thickness of the upper, is 
very prominently exposed, and may be easily recognized by its tend¬ 
ency to exfoliate when exposed to weathering. The other layers 
of the bed are usually from G inches to 24 feet thick, in color bluish 
to gray and steel gray on fresh fracture. 

For about 35 feet above the Middle Washington limestone the 
rocks are, in the main, shaly sandstones, which at places occur in 
massive layers from 3 to 5 feet thick. Above these sandstones is 
usually from 5 to 15 inches of soft shaly coal (the Jollytown coal of 
Stevenson a ) of no geologic or economic value. This coal is over- 
lain by 50 to G5 feet of yellowish to reddish shales and sandstones 
that extend to the bottom of the Upper Washington limestone. 


Stevenson, ,T. J., Second Geol. Survey Pennslyvania, Kept. K, 1876, p. 48. 









GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 
UPPER WASHINGTON LIMESTONE. 


75 


The Upper TV ashington limestone, the top member of the Washing¬ 
ton formation, is the most important guide rock above the Wash¬ 
ington coal, from which it maintains a fairly constant distance of 
105 feet. It is a heavy and persistent limestone bed, having two or 
three characteristic layers that render its identification easy. It 
appears in outcrop at few places in the Burgettstown quadrangle, 
but is generally exposed over the entire area of the Claysville quad¬ 
rangle. This bed is thickest in the vicinity of Washington, where 
it consists of ten to twelve layers of limestone varying from a few 
inches to 3 feet in thickness and separated by partings of shale. The 
lowest layer of this bed is a rusty-brown limestone from 1 to 2 feet 
thick, which, on fresh fracture, is of a dark steel-gray color and * 
shows numerous tiny crystals of calcite. The next three or four 
layers are nearly identical in general appearance. They have a total 
thickness of 6 to 7 feet, are of dark to reddish-brown color, 
very hard and tough, and of irregular fracture, and some of the 
layers have numerous calcite crystals. They generally weather to a 
rusty cream color, though a small layer toward the bottom of this 
group weathers locally to a light reddish yellow. Above this group 
is a hard, thin-bedded, dark-brown limestone from 8 inches to 2 
feet in thickness. It is argillaceous in places, breaks rather easily 
with an uneven fracture, and weathers to a rusty cream color. This is 
the only layer in the lower portion of the Upper Washington lime¬ 
stone that may be easily recognized, and is one of the important 
markers of the member. The weathered surface of this rock has a 
rough, finely striated, filelike appearance, by which, when it has 
once been identified in the field, it may be recognized at a glance. 

From 3 to 5 inches of coarse brown shale separates this layer from the 
one above, which is a dark reddish-brown limestone in two beds 
having a total thickness of about 2^ feet. It is very hard and tough 
and weathers a rusty cream color. The face of a fractured portion 
of this limestone presents a crimped appearance around the edges. 
Above these layers is from G to 8 inches of coarse black shale. The 
next limestone above is dark gray, very hard, and somewhat clierty, 
and breaks easily under the hammer into small cubical blocks. 

T round Washington this layer is one of the thickest in the bed, being 
from 2^ to 3 feet in thickness. It is, however, variable both in quality 
and quantity, and in many localities is wanting. Overlying this 
limestone .is from 3 to G inches of coarse black shale, which in the 
type locality around Washington directly underlies a few inches of 
thin-bedded sandstone. In various portions of the Claysville quad¬ 
rangle this shale and sandstone appear to thicken greatly at the 
•expense of the underlying limestone. At a few places the shale was 


76 OTLi AND GAS; OHTO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

found to be rather carbonaceous, carrying tiny partings of coal, 
with a total thickness of 3 or 4 inches. The limestone layer directly 
overlying this shale is cream white, but has a dark mottled appear¬ 
ance on fresh fracture. It appears locally as two ledges 1 to 2 feet 
thick, with a parting of calcareous shale. It is overlain by a layer 
of soft black shale from a few inches to a foot or more thick, which 
on weathering has a mealy, frosty-white appearance. Above this 
shale is a light-buff, thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone, from 1 to 3 
feet in thickness, which weathers to a bluish white. This layer is 
thickest in the vicinity of Washington, where it assumes a massive 
appearance, but is easily recognized by its tendency to break into 
thin sheets. In the vicinity of Good Intent this layer is very much 
darker and has the mottled appearance of the top layer, described 
below, resembling it closely both on fresh fracture and when exposed 
to the weather. Overlying this layer is from 1 inch to 3 feet of black 
shale, and this is in turn overlain by the top layer of the bed, which 
is from 6 inches to 2 feet thick, very hard and brittle, dark to black 
on fresh fracture, and cream to snowy white on weathering. 
Weathered portions of a ledge of this layer when broken present a 
peculiar brown-black mottled appearance, which, as already stated, is 
also characteristic of the third layer from the top. In fact, the three 
top layers of this bed form a group Avhose outcrop is always easily 
recognized. 

GREENE FORMATION. 


Only the lower portion of the Greene formation is present in the 
area studied, and that to a very small extent except in the Claysville 
quadrangle. Its greatest thickness of 475 feet occurs in Morris 
Township, on the dividing ridge between Washington and Greene 
counties. 

UPPER WASHINGTON COAL. 

Above the Upper Washington limestone, the top of which is the 
base of the Greene formation, the rocks are different in many adjoin¬ 
ing localities. Dark shale with a thickness of 3 to 15 feet is most 
common, though the same interval is in many places filled by 
argillaceous sandstone. Above this is the Upper Washington coal, 
consisting of 1 to 5 feet of black bituminous shale, in which are 
frequently found embedded thin layers of coal. The shale is uni¬ 
formly present, but the coal is variable, its maximum thickness 
being not more than 14 inches, including shale and clay partings. 
White® calls this the Jollytown coal, though Stevenson * 6 designates 
a coal farther down in the series by that name and calls this the 


“White, I. C., Geol. Survey West Virginia, vol. 2, 1903, p. 111. 

6 Stevenson, J. J., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. K, 1876, p. 48. 




77 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 

i 

Upper A\ ashington coal. Above the black bituminous shale is from 
5 to 20 feet of gray laminated sandstone, reaching within a few 
inches of the Donley limestone. 

DONLEY LIMESTONE. 


h or the most widespread and uniform limestone in the Greene 
formation throughout the Claysville quadrangle the name Donley is 
here proposed. It is from 18 to 45 feet above the bottom of the 
formation, and in this quadrangle is invariably present where its 
horizon comes to the surface. In the vicinity of Donley, Donegal 
Township, a typical section shows this limestone in three or four 
layers, having a total thickness of 5 or 6 feet. The characteristic 
feature is its dark, rusty, lichen-covered surface when exposed to 
weathering. The limestone is very hard and tough, and fractures 
unevenly with a dark steel-gray to almost black color, having a verv 
coarse grain and showing numerous calcite crystals. The bed is also 
distinguished bv its peculiar jointing, which has a striking resem¬ 
blance to that of dry mud, the blocks being irregular in shape and 
from 1 to 3 feet in diameter. The joints are usually very distinct, 
many of them being from 1 to 3 inches wide, filled with dark ’red 
clay. 

SPARTA COAL AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 


Above the Donley limestone is a sandstone with a thickness of 15 
to 20 feet, usually of a light-gray color and laminated, but in places 
consisting of several massive ledges. Above this is a few feet of 
reddish shale which reaches to the Sparta coal, the most important 
coal bed of the Greene formation. The coal is from 0 inches to 3 
feet thick. It attains its greatest thickness in the vicinity of East 
Finley, where it was once mined, though all banks have long since 
been abandoned. Those who have used it say that the best of it is 
somewhat rusty in color, makes a hot fire, and burns to a small 
white ash. 

PROSPERITY LIMESTONE. 


The next distinctive member above the Sparta coal is a rusty- 
yellow limestone, having a maximum thickness of 10 or 12 feet, 
which is here named the Prosperity limestone, from the village of 
that name in Morris Township. The top layers are in places light 
bluish, fracturing irregularly with a dark-gray to rusty-black color, 
r nd very coarse grained. The other layers are dark gray to buff 
on fracturing. This limestone is fairly persistent over the southern 
half of the Claysville quadrangle, being present on all the hillsides 
in the vicinity of Pleasant Grove. Its heaviest outcrop is northeast 
of Pleasant Grove, along the top of the ridge between East Finley 
and South Franklin townships. 


78 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

% 

DUNKARD COAL AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

About 125 feet above the bottom of the Greene formation there 
is a fairly persistent but thin layer of bituminous shale which 
locally occurs as a coal bed a few inches thick. This is probably the 
Dunkard coal, as named by Stevenson,® though the fewness of the 
exposures noted makes this correlation somewhat doubtful. 

For 100 to 125 feet above the Dunkard coal bed are reddish lami¬ 
nated sandstones and shales, in which two or three thin beds of 
limestones occur. At one or two places in the vicinity of East Fin- 
lev a small coal smut was noted in these rocks at about 155 feet above 
the top of the Upper Washington limestone, but the bed appears to 
be only of local extent. 

CLAYSVILLE LIMESTONE AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

From 205 to 225 feet above the base of the formation lies a lime¬ 
stone, separated into two layers by G to 8 feet of yellow shale. The 
to]) layer is from 6 to 8 inches thick, bluish white, and dark brown 
on fresh fractures. The bottom layer is here and there as much as 
18 inches thick, weathers with a rough surface to a reddish or yellow 
color, and is a dark gray on fresh fracture. This limestone is present 
over a considerable area in the southern and western parts of the 
Claysville quadrangle. In the northern part of East and West 
Finley and Morris townships it is a rather compact bed, from 6 to 8 
feet thick, the top layers being heaviest and all having a dark-gray 
color. Since it can not be correlated with any bed previously named 
and is among the most prominent limestones of the Greene formation 
in this section, it has been thought advisable to call this bed the 
Claysville limestone, from the town of that name in Donegal Town- 
ship, Washington County. 

Above the Claysville limestone are 50 or 60 feet of reddish and 
dark-colored shales, in which at irregular intervals are embedded thin 
sandstone layers. These shales are overlain at many places by 2 to 
G feet of light-gray to brown limestone. The top layer is heaviest, 
and on fracturing is light buff; the lower layers are very thin and 
easily disintegrate to small gray nodules. Above this limestone is 
a few inches of carbonaceous shale and 25 or 30 feet of reddish 
shales, capped by 10 or 15 feet of thin grayish laminated sandstone. 

NINEVEH COAL AND LIMESTONE. 

About 325 feet above the base of the Greene formation and 100' 
feet above the Claysville limestone is a rather persistent coal bed, 
fiom G inches to 1 foot in thickness. This is probably the Nineveh 


a Stevenson, J. J., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. K, 1876, p. 35. 






GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


79 


coal, though it is not present over a sufficient area to permit a definite 
correlation. It is usually underlain by about 10 feet of reddish shale, 
below which is 2 or 3 feet of bluish clay or shale, overlying 4 or 5 
feet of bluish-white to cream limestone in two or three rather mas¬ 
sive layers, very hard and tough, and a light buff on fracturing. 
This limestone caps the tops of many of the highest hills in Morris 
and East and West Finley townships. 

A few feet above the Nineveh coal is a small gray limestone a few 
inches in thickness. This small limestone is overlain by about 50 
feet of laminated sandstone, which extends to’a rather prominent 
layer of bluish-gray limestone from 14 to 24 feet thick, very hard, 
and with a dark-brown mottled appearance on fresh fracture. This 
is one of the most prominent beds in the Greene formation. 

FORMATIONS BELOW THE PITTSBURG COAL. 

CONEMAUGII FORMATION. 

The Conemaugh formation lies below the Monongahela, extending 
from the base of the Pittsburg coal to the top of the Upper Freeport 
coal. It is a mass of shale and sandstone nearly 500 feet thick and 
contains little of economic importance. Few of its beds have dis¬ 
tinctive characteristics by which they may be used as key rocks for 
the determination of the position of other beds. The strata are 
described from the top downward. 

INTERVAL BETWEEN PITTSBURG COAL AND AMES LIMESTONE. 

Below the Pittsburg coal is a limestone that occurs here and there 
in two beds. The upper and more persistent bed maintains a thick¬ 
ness of 1 to 2 feet. It is hard, shows a blue color on fresh frac¬ 
ture, and weathers to a bluish white. The lower bed is brownish 
red, and in places it is as thick as the upper bed, but at many points 
it is wanting. 

The interval from these limestones to the Ames limestone is occu¬ 
pied by shales and flaggy sandstone having a thickness of about 200 
feet. Near the Ames limestone these rocks give way locally to a 
massive brown sandstone from 10 to 20 feet thick. In some places 
the sandstone lies directly above the Ames limestone, and in others 
it is separated from the limestone by red shale 10 to 15 feet thick. 

AMES LIMESTONE AND COAL BEDS. 

At about the middle of the Conemaugh formation is a group of 
beds that are very persistent and easily recognized. They con¬ 
sist of the Ames limestone and adjacent coal beds. The limestone 
ranges from a few inches to 8 feet in thickness. It is of a light gray 
color in outcrop, but when freshly broken shows a crystalline frac- 


80 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

ture with a greenish tinge. Its upper portion is crowded with fos¬ 
sil crinoid stems and brachiopods. I rom the abundance of crinoid 
stems this bed is often spoken of as the “ crinoidal ” limestone. In 
its greatest development it consists of two benches which are fos- 
siliferous, but the upper bench carries the larger number of fossils. 

Two small coal beds are closely associated with the limestone. The 
upper bed, which is from 1 to 20 feet above the limestone, is not 
more than 1 foot thick. The lower bed is more constant and usually 
maintains a distance of 20 feet below the limestone, although here 
and there it occurs directly beneath that bed. This coal is in many 
places 1^ to 2 feet thick and breaks from the bed in long rectangular 
blocks. 

CAMBRIDGE LIMESTONE. 

About 95 feet below the Ames limestone is another limestone of 
similar composition and appearance. It probably contains a greater 
number of brachiopod shells, but the fragments of crinoid stems are 
much less abundant. This bed is commonly known as the Cambridge 
limestone, from its occurrence at Cambridge, the county seat of 
Guernsey County, Ohio. It was positively identified at only two 
points in the Steubenville quadrangle. 

MAHONING SANDSTONE. 

The lowest member of the Conemaugh formation is the Mahoning 
sandstone, which is rather coarse and of a light yellowish-gray color. 
It varies from 30 to 60 feet in thickness and has some value as a 
building stone. It is also a good water-bearing stratum when under 
cover. In places it is rather prominent, but not persistent, and in 
many localities it appears to be displaced by shale. 

ALLEGHENY FORMATION. 

The Allegheny formation includes all the rocks from the top of 
the Upper Freeport coal to a horizon about 100 feet below the Lower 
Kittanning coal. This group of strata is important economically 
because of the coal and fire clay contained in it. In the area investi- 
gated it carries five coal beds, each of which is mined at some place 
in the area, although as a rule not more than two are mined in any 
one locality. This formation also contains a few beds of limestone, 
but generally they are thin and inconspicuous. 

FINLEY COAL. 

The Finley coal of the Steubenville quadrangle is believed to be 
equivalent to the Upper Freeport coal of Pennsylvania, though this 
is not considered proved. It varies greatly in thickness, changing 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OE THE REGION. 


81 


from a bed 5 feet thick in one locality to a mere streak of coal a few 
miles away. Usually this coal is underlain by limestone and overlain 
at a distance of a few feet by a heavy sandstone. 

ROGER (UPPER KITTANNING) COAL. 

The Roger coal bed occurs about 100 feet> below the Finley coal. 
Considerable uncertainty exists regarding the correlation of this coal 
bed with the type section of Pennsylvania. Orton a considered that 
it was equivalent to the Lower Freeport of Pennsylvania. From data 
collected during the present survey, especially in the valley of Kings 
Creek, West Virginia, it seems probable that this coal bed does not 
maintain regular distances to the coal and limestone beds above and 
below, but that it varies within rather wide limits, while the interval 
between these coal and limestone beds remains constant. The coal 
is from 3 to 4 feet thick and has a parting 14 to 1G inches from the 
bottom. It is of good quality and has been extensively mined. Gen¬ 
erally the bed is overlain by light-yellowish shale, which changes to 
sandy shale above. 

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS. 

From 80 to 100 feet below the Roger coal is the Middle Kittanning 
bed. This attains in but few places a thickness of 3 feet. It. appears 
to be of fair quality, but is not extensively mined. Overlying the 
coal is a heavy bed of light-colored sandstone that has a thickness 
of 50 to 80 feet. Below the Middle Kittanning coal is a sandstone 
15 to 20 feet thick, which reaches within a few feet of the Lower 
Kittanning coal. These two sandstones, one above and the other below 
the Middle Kittanning coal bed, probably represent the first and 
second Cow Run sands noted in many well records. 

LOWER KITTANNING COAL AND FIRE CLAY. 

The Lower Kittanning coal is from 2 to 3 feet thick and is under¬ 
lain by a bed of fire clay from 8 to 12 feet thick. The coal is high in 
sulphur and is sometimes spoken of as the “ sulphur ” bed. The clay 
varies considerably in appearance. The upper portion is of a light 
cream color in outcrop; the lower has disseminated through it crys¬ 
tals of pyrites that give it a yellow appearance on weathering. On 
fresh fracture the upper portion is of a light dove color, breaking 
with uneven fracture and having a soapy feel. The lower portion is 
much darker, though giving a very light streak. 

« Orton, Edward, Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 5, 1884, pp. 49-62. 

~6 


3496—Bull. 318—07 








82 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


The Lower Kittanning coal is not generally mined for commercial 
purposes, owing probably to the high percentage of sulphur which it 
contains. The clay below the coal is extensively developed and used 
for the basis of a large pottery business along Ohio River. 


POTTSVILLE FORMATION. 

The Pottsville formation includes the rocks from the Homewood 
sandstone to the unconformity described on page 15. In this region 
the Pottsville was deposited upon a subsiding land area, which con¬ 
sequently had a migrating shore line. For this reason it generally 
consists of coarse sandstones and conglomerates that were thoroughly 
washed by the waves and currents. The finer sediments were sorted 
from the coarse material and carried far out into deep water, while 
the coarser sediments were deposited along shore. 

HOMEWOOD SANDSTONE. 

The Homewood sandstone, the uppermost member of the formation, 
is probably represented in the well records by the Gas sand. This 
may be true, however, only in part of the records, and in others the 
sand called the Gas sand may be the equivalent of the Connoquenes- 
sing sandstone below the Mercer coal. 

MERCER COAL. 

In the records of some of the deep wells in the northern part of the 
Steubenville quadrangle are notes of one or two coal beds above the 
Salt sand. It is difficult to class these coals, owing to the lack of 
detailed information, but it seems probable that they occur below the 
base of the Allegheny formation, and, therefore, possibly represent 
the Mercer coal beds of the Beaver Valley in western Pennsylvania. 
In the type locality the Mercer coals occur between the Homewood 
and Connoquenessing sandstones, but in the Steubenville well records 
no sandstone is noted immediately above the coals, and hence it seems 
probable that the Homewood sandstone is not extensively developed 
in this region. The data are not sufficient to make definite correla¬ 
tions, but the preponderance of evidence seems to indicate that these 
are Mercer coals. 

SALT SAND. 

The Salt sand is a coarse white sandstone 20 to 30 feet thick. Usu¬ 
ally it is saturated with salt water, and from this condition it receives 
its name. Below the Salt sand is an irregular bed of shale ranging 
in thickness up to 20 feet. With the evidence at hahd it is impossible 
to say whether this bed is a part of the Pocono sandstone or whether 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


83 


it belongs to the Pottsville formation. It seems probable that the 
latter is true arc! that it is the first member laid down on the eroded 
surface. 


ROCKS BELOW TIIE POTTSVILLE FORMATION. 


UNCONFORMITY BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPIAN AND THE PENNSYLVANIAN 

SERIES. 

In the Appalachian region south of the Steubenville quadrangle 
the Pocono sandstone is overlain by the great Greenbrier (“lower 
Carboniferous") limestone, which first appears in the section in 
the southern half of the Steubenville quadrangle as a thin wedge. 
This increases in thickness rapidly to the south until in the Tennessee 
region it attains a maximum of more than 1,000 feet. 

In the northern half of the Appalachian region this great lime¬ 
stone mass is overlain by an immense body of red shale which reaches 
its maximum development of 5,000 to 8,000 feet in thickness in 
eastern Pennsylvania, where it is known as the Mauch Chunk shale. 
This shale does not appear to be present in the three quadrangles 
investigated. The nearest point of outcrop of the Greenbrier lime¬ 
stone and Mauch Chunk shale is in the Chestnut Ridge of Pennsyl¬ 
vania and northern West Virginia, where both formations are pres¬ 
ent, but with a maximum thickness of not more than 300 feet. From 
the numerous drill records in southwestern Pennsylvania it is pos¬ 
sible to trace the red shale to the northwest as far as Washington, Pa., 
and the Greenbrier limestone a short distance beyond. Beyond these 
points there are no traces of the formations, either in outcrop or in 
drill records. 

From recent studies® in the northern Appalachian coal field it 
has been demonstrated that the absence of these formations and also 
of a large part of the lower portion of the Pottsville is due to a great 
unconformity which exists on the western side of the Appalachian 
coal field between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series of 
rocks. After the deposition of the Mauch Chunk shale, which was 
probably laid down throughout the Appalachian province, the rocks 
on the northwestern side of the province were elevated above sea 
level, forming a land mass in what is now northwestern Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Erosion was active on this land 
area and most, if not all, of the Mauch Chunk shale and the Green¬ 
brier limestone was removed. This area continued above water level 
until at least two-thirds of the Pottsville formation was deposited in 

« White, David, Fossil floras of the Pottsville formation in the Southern Anthracite 
field, Pennsylvania : Twentieth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1000, pp. 751-930 ; 
Deposition of the Appalachian Pottsville, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 15, 1004, pp. 
267-282. 



84 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


the anthracite region to the east. It was then depressed below water 
level and sedimentation was resumed, but the conditions were those 
of fresh or brackish water and the coarse conglomerates and sand¬ 
stones of the upper Pottsville were deposited. The eroded surface 
upon which they were laid down was somewhat irregular, and conse- 
quently the parallelism of the beds above and belov this line of 
unconformity is not exact. 


KEENER SAND. 


The Greenbrier limestone is usually divided into two sections by a 
small sand rock, which is known as the Keener sand. 


BIG INJUN SAND. 

The Pocono sandstone, which is known to the drillers as the Big 
Injun, has a thickness of 100 to more than 200 feet. Generally it is a 
fine-grained homogeneous sandstone, and is white, yellow, or almost 
any color, except red. In some localities there is a “ break ” or layer 
of shale in the lower part of this formation, which is spoken of by 
some drillers as the “ break in the Big Injun/' By other drillers the 
sandstone below the “ break " is regarded as a separate bed, and is 
called the Squaw sand. 

CUYAHOGA SHALE. 


The Pocono sandstone is underlain in Ohio by a soft blue and gray 
shale, more than 300 feet thick, which is known as the Cuyahoga, 
from its outcrop in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 

BITTER ROCK SAND. 


In Pennsylvania a sandstone is present in the Cuyahoga shale at a 
point about 100 feet from the bottom. This sand is known as the 
Bitter Rock, from the large amount of salt water contained in it. 

SUNBURY (“ BEREA ”) SHALE. 

Below the Cuyahoga shale is a very dark or black shale, about 25 
feet thick, which lies directly above the Berea sandstone. This is 
known as the Sunbury shale, from its outcrop at that place, in central 
Ohio. 

BEREA SAND. 

The Berea sandstone, named by Newberry from the village of 
Berea, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, is the great oil-producing bed of east¬ 
ern Ohio. It is a fine-grained white sandstone. Generally the upper 
portion of the bed, for a distance of 12 to 20 feet, is cemented into a 


GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE REGION. 


85 


hard impervious rock, which is often called the “limestone cap.” 
This term is somewhat misleading, for in no case can it be considered 
a limestone, although the cementing material may be in part cal¬ 
careous. This portion of the rock is hard to drill, and is brought to 
the surface by the bailer in flakes, some of which are nearly half an 
inch in diameter. Below the “ limestone cap ” the rock is soft and 
easy to drill, appearing as a pure white sand, which is known to the 
drillers as “ pay " sand. This sand may continue to the bottom of 
the bed, but in some places it grades downward into a hard white 
sand. The position of the “ pay ” sand varies somewhat from place to 
place. In some wells it occurs 6 to 12 feet from the top of the bed 
and in others 21 to 30 feet from the top. In still other wells no pay 
streak has been encountered, and the rock is a hard cemented sand 
from top to bottom. The thickness of the pay streak varies greatly. 
In some wells it is only a few inches to a foot in thickness and is 
divided by layers of hard rock. 

Over considerable areas the Berea sand is divided into two parts by 
a thin bed of shale. In such places the lower part is often spoken of 
as the “ second-pay ” sand, and in some wells it has been the source 
of valuable oil production. 

In eastern Ohio few wells have been drilled below the Berea sand, 
and consequently little is known regarding the presence or absence 
of lower sands, but in Pennsylvania the Berea is represented by the 
“ thirty-foot shells,” below which most of the oil-producing sands 
have been found. 


HUNDRED-FOOT SAND. 


The Hundred-foot sand is about 190 feet below the Berea sand and 
100 feet below the red shale. It is a gray sand of medium fineness, 
containing white quartz pebbles as large as small peas. It receives 
its name from its thickness in Butler County, Pa. 

GANTZ SAND. 

In parts of Washington and Greene counties the top part of the 
Hundred-foot sand is named the Gantz, and the sand below the first 
“ break ” is the Fifty-foot. It is probable that these two sands are 
together equivalent to the Hundred-foot. 

NINEVEH THIRTY-FOOT SAND. 

The position of the Hineveh Thirty-foot sand is 100 feet below the 
top of the Hundred-foot. It is gray in color and very fine grained. 

GORDON SAND. 

The Gordon sand is about 210 feet below the Hundred-fool:. It 
varies from a knife-edge to 60 feet in thickness in the Claysville 


86 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


quadrangle, with an average of 15 or 20 feet. It is a fine gray sand¬ 
stone, usually containing near the middle of the bed a band 2 to 12 
feet thick, which is more or less conglomeratic. This portion is made 
up of fine white to gray sand and well-rounded quartz pebbles up to 
the size of a bean. There is a break in the sand near the top, which 
thickens to the south across the Claysville quadrangle, until in places 
the two portions of the sand are separated by 25 feet of shale. In 
this condition the upper portion is called bv drillers the Gordon 
Stray sand. North of the Claysville quadrangle the Gordon Stray, 
as a distinct sand, is mentioned in the records of few wells. 


STRAY-STRAY SAND. 

In parts of the Claysville quadrangle another thin sandstone bed 
a few feet above the Gordon Stray is noted in a number of detailed 
records. This is usually called by drillers the Stray-Stray sand. It 
is apparently of local extent only, and from the information at hand 
it is impossible to say if the sand is a part of the Gordon Stray or a 
separate lenticular sandstone in the shale above. 

FOURTH SAND. 

The Fourth sand is from 60 to TO feet below the Gordon. It is a 
white to grayish sandstone, much of it conglomeratic. In thickness 
it ranges up to 35 feet, averaging between 10 and 20 feet. It under¬ 
lies about the same area as the Gordon sand, but is not so constant 
either in thickness or quality. 

FIFTH SAND. 

The Fifth sand is from 95 to 120 feet below the Gordon sand. It 
is usually a fine white sand, carrying irregular lenticular patches of 
conglomerate. In the Claysville quadrangle it is rarely over 15 feet 
thick, but is fairly constant both in thickness and quality over the 
eastern half of that quadrangle. Over the western half this sand¬ 
stone, as well as the Gordon and Fourth sands, is wanting in many 
places. This is especially true of a large area in the northwestern 
quarter of the quadrangle, where the sandstones are missing or are 
represented only by a few thin “ shells." The Fifth sand is the low¬ 
est usually reached by the drill in the area investigated, though a 
few wells report a sand called the Sixth or Bayard, and below this 
one called the Elizabeth sand. 


CHAPTER II. 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF THE STEUBENVILLE 

QUADRANGLE. 

Ill this chapter a concise statement will be given of the more impor¬ 
tant formations outcropping in the different townships, and a descrip¬ 
tion of the condition of the prominent marking bed in different parts 
of each township. The intervals obtained by comparing the eleva¬ 
tions of different beds will be given in tabulated form. 

KNOX TOWNSHIP, JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. 

Knox Township, which reaches beyond the northern limit of the 
quadrangle, presents a geologic section from the middle of the 
Monongahela to the base of the Allegheny formation. Town Fork 
of Yellow Creek has cut a deep valley in the west side, and Ohio 
River bounds it on the east side. The formations rise from a point 
west of Knoxville both to the east and west, and slightly to the south. 

Benwood limestone .—Along the ridge pike from Knoxville to 
Osage the lower ledges of the Benwood limestone occur in the hills. 

Meigs Creek coal .—On both the north and the south sides of this 
ridge the Meigs Creek coal outcrops some distance from the summit. 
It is associated with shale, and has a thickness of less than 2 feet. 

Pittsburg coal .—Northwest of Knoxville the Pittsburg coal out¬ 
crops at the base of the hills. From this point it rises rapidly to the 
east, reaching the top of the higher summits in a north-south line 
about 1 mile east of Knoxville. To the west also the coal rises, but 
not so rapidly. Along the ridge road from Osage to Richmond it is 
caught by the higher knobs. In the central part of the township 
the coal is well under cover, and has been opened for mining in a 
number of places. The bed is generally accompanied by two lime¬ 
stones, one from 11 to 13 feet above and the other from 1 to 5 feet 
below. It is also accompanied by the small Rider coal bed, which 
maintains a distance of 25 to 30 feet above the main bed. Two 
determinations were made of the interval between the Meigs Creek 
coal and the Pittsburg coal, as follows: 


87 


88 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Distance between top of Meigs Creek coal and base of Pittsburg coal, 

Township, Ohio. 


On road directly north from Knoxville- 

On private road to coal bank 1 mile southwest of Knoxville 


Knox 


Feet. 

10.H 

102 


The interval of TO feet between the Rider coal and the Meigs 
Creek coal is mostly occupied by shale and sandy shale. 

Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone is well developed through¬ 
out the greater portion of the township wherever its horizon comes 
to view. Halfway down the slope into Town I ork of \ ellow Creek 
it shows as a solid bed 2 feet or more in thickness. Hast and south¬ 
east of Knoxville it is found in the streams and can easily be followed 
for 2 miles or more to the east. In this direction it. rises rapidly, 
but before reaching the summit of the hills it appears to have been 
cut out or replaced by a heavy brown sandstone. Near the summit 
of Myers Knob, back of Toronto, is a disintegrated limestone which 
is believed to be the Ames, but it could not be positively identified. 
On Hale Run south of Knoxville the point of outcrop of the Ames 
limestone is near the township line. Here it is a solid bed about 1 
foot thick. The elevation of the Ames limestone and the Pittsburg 
coal were compared in the following places for determining the inter¬ 
val between them: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of Ames limestone, Knox 

Township, Ohio. 

Feet. 


On road from Richmond pike to Town Fork_209 

On road from Osage to Town Fork_231 

North of Island Creek Church_211 

Head of Croxton Run_218 


Average_^-:_217 


The interval between the Pittsburg coal and the Ames limestone is 
occupied principally by shale and sandstone, except for a small lime¬ 
stone adjacent to the coal. The normal position of the sandstone is 
about 20 feet above the Ames limestone, but in many places it dis¬ 
places the limestone. The shale when adjacent to the limestone is 
of a red color. The coals usually accompanying the Ames limestone 
were not found in Knox Township. 

Finley coal .—The Finley coal, which is probably equivalent to the 
Upper Freeport of Pennsylvania, shows in outcrop in the north fork 
of Croxton Run and in the river hills back of Toronto and Free¬ 
mans. The thickness of the coal is less than 3 feet, and although 
opened in a few places it has not been successfully mined. 

Royer coal .—The Roger coal is opened for mining on Croxton Run 
a mile and a half from Ohio River. From this point it may be fol- 










DETAILED GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


89 


lowed down the run and along the river hills. Its thickness is some¬ 
thing more than 3 feet. 

Middle Kittanning coal. —The small bed between the Roger and 
Lower Kittanning coals was not examined in Knox Township. It 
should outcrop along the river hills west of Calumet. 

Lower Kittanning coal. —This coal bed and the accompanying fire 
clay outcrop in the valley of Croxton Run just west of the railroad. 
From this point they rise to the north and are found above railroad 
grade back of Freemans. 

Intervals between the Ames limestone and Allegheny coal beds .— 
It was not possible to obtain elevations on the different coal beds of 
the Allegheny formation in such horizontal proximity to outcrops 
of the Ames limestone as to permit accurate determination of the dis¬ 
tances between them. By comparison of all the elevations of the 
coals with each other, however, and with the elevations of the Ames 
limestone in Knox and Island Creek townships of Ohio, and Clay 
and Butler townships of West Virginia, results were obtained which 
are given with their probable limits of error in the following state¬ 
ment : 


Distance between top of Allegheny coal beds and top of Ames limestone, Knox 

Toicnship, Ohio. 

Feet. 

Ames limestone to Finley coal_ 246±15 

Ames limestone to Roger coal___ 357 ±15 

Ames limestone to Middle Kittanning coal_ 443±10 

Ames limestone to Lower Kittanning coal- 473± S 

ISLAND CREEK TOWNSHIP, JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. 

Island Creek Township includes most of the drainage area of 
Island Creek and Wills Creek. The geologic section exposed in this 
area includes the lower half of the Monongahela formation, all of 
the Conemaugh, and most of the Allegheny. 

Benwood limestone. —On Norton Hill, in the western part of the 
township, the lower beds of the Benwood limestone show. 

Meigs Creeh coal. —The Meigs Creek coal is found on Norton Hill 
and along the western portion of the ridge road south of Island 
Creek. Its thickness is less than 2 feet. 

Pittsburg coal. —The Pittsburg coal outcrops over the greater por¬ 
tion of the township. In the ridges around the headwaters of Wills 
Creek it is well under cover, and has been opened in many places for 
mining. It rises to the east along the Richmond and Pekin pike, 
and adjacent to Pekin is found only in the high hills. The coal bed 
dips to the south from Pekin to Steubenville, where it is under con¬ 
siderable cover. The bed is of normal thickness, and is accom¬ 
panied by limestone beds and the Rider coal seam. Only one com- 






90 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


parison of elevation was made for determining the interval between 
the base of the Pittsburg coal and the top of the Meigs Creek coal. 
This was on the ridge south of Island Creek and resulted in a meas¬ 
urement of 103 feet. 

Ames limestone and associated rocks .—The Ames limestone is well 
developed throughout almost the whole of Island Creek Township. 
It is exposed in a heavy ledge on the nose of the ridge to the north 
of Costonia, and from this place can be easily followed on both sides 
of Island Creek and its tributaries. It goes under cover near the 
point where the Island Creek road leaves the creek and climbs to the 
Richmond pike. To the west of the forks of Wills Creek the lime¬ 
stone is well developed, but on this stream east of the forks and in 
the neighborhood of Stanton Park it was not found in solid beds, 
though the adjacent coal beds were noted in Rush Run and some 
small pieces of limestone float were found. A number of compari¬ 
sons of elevation were made to determine the interval between the 
Ames limestone and the Pittsburg coal, as follows: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of Ames limestone, Island 

Creek Township, Ohio. 

Feet. 

Between Shelley Run and the ridge road to the south_227 

On Island Creek oil field_218 

On hill west of Pekin_230 

On ridge between two branches of Island Creek_228 

On Hartley Run and hills on both sides_222 

On Wills Creek, Little Island Creek, and ridge between_206 

On Wills Creek_214 

Comparisons of four elevations of Ames limestone on North Fork of Wills 

Creek with three elevations of Pittsburg coal on different sides_223 

Comparison of elevation of Ames limestone on Cedar Lick Run with that of 
Pittsburg coal south of Two Ridge Church___215 


Average___220 

On Little Island Creek and Rush Run is another limestone about 
30 feet above the Ames limestone. It has a smooth surface, is yellow 
in color, devoid of fossils, and is underlain by 4 to 6 feet of fire clay. 

Finley coal bed .—The Finley coal is 5 feet thick on the lower por¬ 
tion of Island Creek, and is mined in a small way on both sides of 
the creek. Both up and down the stream it thins rapidly, soon 
becoming only a few inches in thickness. 

Roger coal bed .—The Roger coal outcrops at the iron bridge over 
Island Creek, 1 mile from its mouth, and may be followed down the 
stream and along the river hills north to Jeddo; also on the hills 
back of Toronto. 











DETAILED GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 91 
CROSS CREEK TOWNSHIP, JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. 


Cross Creek Township includes the larger portion of the drainage 
of Cross Creek. The geologic section exposed extends from a hori¬ 
zon near the top of the Monongahela formation to the Ames lime¬ 
stone in the Conemaugh. 

Umontown coal .—The Uniontown coal occurs in the ridge south of 
McIntyre Creek. It is not of workable thickness, but is fairly con¬ 
stant and is a good geologic guide. Its distance above the Meigs 
Creek coal was determined in the following places: 


Distance between top of Uniontown coal and top of Meigs Creek coal, Cross 

Creek Township, Ohio. 


Feet. 

On road from McIntyre Creek to New Alexandria_103 

On road from Fells to .New Alexandria__109 

On road from McIntyre Creek to Smithfield__ 107 


Average 


100 


Benwood limestone .—The different beds of the Benwood limestone 
are present in all of the hills northeast of New Alexandria and in the 
high hills south of Fernwood. The separate members, the Dinsmore 
and Bulger limestones, do not remain prominent and distinctive 
throughout this area, and no good elevations could be taken for 
obtaining intervals. 

Meigs Creek coal .—The Meigs Creek coal is in general not more 
than 1 foot thick. It is constant, however, and maintains a fairly 
uniform distance above the Pittsburg coal. 

The elevations of the Pittsburg coal and the Meigs Creek coal were 
compared in the following places for the purpose of determining the 
thickness of the interval between them: 


Distance betioeen base of Pittsburg coal and top of Meigs Creek coal, Cross 

Creek Township, Ohio. 


On road from Georges Run to Cross Creek- 102 

On road from McIntyre Creek to New Alexandria--100 

On road from Fells to New Alexandria- 97 

On road from Fells to Smithfield-103 

On road from Slabcamp Creek to Smithfield- 92 

At head of Polecat Hollow- 97 

On ridge north of Fells-104 

Average- 100 


Pittsburg coal .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops throughout Cross 
Creek Township. South of McIntyre Creek and between that creek 
and Cross Creek it is well under cover. North of Cross Creek it 
occurs in the ridge west of Dry Fork and between Dry Fork and 














92 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

Permars Run. It is also present in the ridge from Wintersville to 
Two Ridge Church, and from this point south to Fernwood. 

The average thickness of the coal bed is about 44 feet. It is 
usually accompanied by limestone above and below. The Rider bed, 
having a thickness of about a foot, is invariably present. A num¬ 
ber of comparisons of elevation were made to determine the distance 
of this Rider bed above the base of the Pittsburg coal as follows: 


Distance between top of Rider coal and base of Pittsburg coal, Cross 

Township, Ohio. 

On road from Cross Creek to New Alexandria_ 

On road from McIntyre Creek to New Alexandria_ 

On’road from Fells to New Alexandria_ 

On road from McIntyre Creek northward___ 

On road from Fells northward___ 

On road northwestward from McIntyre oil field_ 

On road soutliwestwarcl from McIntyre oil field_ 

On west edge of quadrangle_ 

On pike south of Fernwood_ 

On spur between Longs Run and Cross Creek_ 


Creelc 

Feet. 

39 

32 

26 

30 

29 

29 

28 

29 

27 

32 


Average 


30. 6 


Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone is present in normal thick¬ 
ness in the hills south of Gould station, but farther up McIntyre 
Creek it is probably wanting. Farther up Cross Creek it develops 
into a prominent bed, being from 1 to 2 feet thick in the vicinity of 
Fernwood and up the side ravines. The following comparisons of 
elevations were made to determine the interval between the Ames 
limestone and the Pittsburg coal: 


Distance beticeen top of Ames limestone and base of Pittsburg coal, Cross Creek 

Township, Ohio. 


Feet. 


On pike south of Fernwood_212 

On north side of ridge between Longs Run and Cross Creek_214 

On road from New Alexandria to Cross Creek___226 

On road from Two Ridge Church to Reeds Mills_224 

On Fernwood Creek, Ames limestone with Pittsburg coal on opposite sides 201 
On Dry Fork «_ 197 


Average 


219 


STEUBENVILLE TOWNSHIP, JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. 

Steubenville Township extends along the west side of Ohio River. 
In it are exposed rocks from the middle of the Monongahela to the 
middle of the Conemaugh formations. 


a Not included in average. 























93 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 

Benwood limestone. —The lower beds of the Benwood limestone 
are present in the summits .of the hills between Wells Run and Cross 
Creek. 

Meigs Greek coal. —The Meigs Creek coal is present in the hill 
north of Cross Creek and also between Cross Creek and Georges Run. 

Pittsburg coal. —The Pittsburg coal does not occur in this town¬ 
ship north of Steubenville. West of Steubenville and north of Per- 
mars Run it is present near the summits of the hills. From this 
locality southward it is present in all the hills and outcrops in the 
top of the river bluffs between Steubenville and Mingo Junction. 
The coal is about 5 feet thick and it is accompanied by both the upper 
and lower limestones. The lower limestone is unusually heavy. 

Ames limestone. —The Ames limestone is by far the best geologic 
marker in Steubenville Township. It is prominent and well devel¬ 
oped from Alikanna to Georges Run. It outcrops in the hillsides 
south of Alikanna and can be followed along the bluff above the 
river. It is about halfway up the slope below La Belle View and 
shows in strong outcrops in Permars and Wells runs. It is present 
in the bluff’ just above the pike from Steubenville to Mingo Junction. 
On both sides of Cross Creek it is well developed. On the sides of 
Georges Run it is not so prominent, but can be located by a little 
search. The following comparisons of elevation were made for 
determining the interval between the Ames limestone and the Pitts¬ 
burg coal: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of Ames limestone , Steubenville 


Township , Ohio. 


Feet. 


On ridge between Steubenville and Mingo Junction-218 

Southwest of Steubenville_i-214 

On Wells Run_214 

On Georges Run and hills on both sides-222 

On hill north of Cross Creek_ 218 



WELLS TOWNSHIP, JEFFERSON COUNTY, OHIO. 

Wells Township extends to the south edge of the quadrangle. The 
section exposed extends from the Waynesburg coal of the Mononga- 
hela formation to the Ames limestone of the Conemaugh formation. 

Waynesburg coal .—The highest hills southwest of New Alexandria 
contain the Waynesburg coal near their summits. The coal ranges in 
thickness from 2 to 3 feet and is underlain by yellow limestone. Its 
position with reference to the Pittsburg coal was not well determined, 
though the interval from the top of the Waynesburg coal to the base 
of the Pittsburg is not far from 245 feet. 









94 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Uniontown coni .—The Uniontown coal is found in the New Alex¬ 
andria ridge and in the western part of the township. All of the 
comparisons of elevations for the determination of intervals have been 
credited to Cross Creek Township (p. 91). 

Meigs Creek coal .—The Meigs Creek coal is a good geologic marker 
over most of the township, although its thickness is in most places 
less than 2 feet. The following comparisons of elevation were made 
for determining the thickness of the interval between the Meigs 
Creek coal and the Pittsburg coal: 

Distance between top of Meigs Creek coal and base of Pittsburg coal, Wells 


On road southward from New Alexandria- 96 

On road from New Alexandria to Salt Run_- 99 

On road at head of west branch of Salt Run-108 

On private road south of Georges Run—-- 94 


Average _ 99 


Pittsburg coal .—The Pittsburg coal is present throughout the town¬ 
ship and its outcrop is well up the sides of the hills. It is usually 
accompanied by limestones above and below. The Rider coal is uni¬ 
formly present, with a thickness of about 1 foot. 

Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone is well developed in the 
eastern part of the township. Heavy outcrops were examined on 
Tarrs Run and back of the mine in Brilliant. In all the runs south 
of this point it was found, but it is generally thin and in some places 
hard to locate. The following comparisons of elevation were made 
for determining the interval between the Ames limestone and Pitts- 

o 

burg coal: 


Distance between top of Ames limestone and base of Pittsburg coal, 

Township, Ohio. 

On Tarrs Run west of Brilliant_ 

On pike west of Brilliant_ 

On Blockhouse Run__ 


Wells 

Feet. 

220 

226 

231 


Average 


226 


CLAY TOWNSHIP, HANCOCK COUNTY, W. VA. 


In describing the areal geology and the intervals in the townships 
of West Virginia, a small portion of Pennsylvania along the eastern 
limit of the quadrangle will be included. 

The formations in Clay Township are much higher in elevation 
than in any other portion of the quadrangle. The section exposed 
extends from the middle of the Conemaugh formation through most 
of the Allegheny formation. 












DETAILED GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 95 


Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone caps the highest hills just 
east of New Cumberland. A well-developed outcrop was found on 
the small butte east of Chelsea. The elevation of the limestone 
remains about the same to a point near the middle of the township, 
whence it dips steeply to the southeast. On North Fork of Kings 
Creek it is only a short distance above the stream bed. The outcrops 
are usually prominent throughout the township, except on Hol- 
bert Run. (hi this stream, although float was encountered, the bed 
was not found in place. 

Finley coal .—The outcrop of the Finley coal occurs in the river 
hills and also on the north fork of Holbert Run. 

Roger coal .—The Roger coal has been opened for mining east of 
New Cumberland and Blaekhorse, also near the intersection of the 
different forks of Holbert Run. The coal has a thickness of about 3 
feet and is embedded in a soft brown shale. 


Lower Kittanning coal .—The Lower Kittanning coal and its under¬ 
lying fire clay is opened for mining back of New Cumberland and at 
Blaekhorse. Its outcrop can be easily followed along the river. The 
distances between the coal beds of the Allegheny formation and 
the Ames limestone are given under Knox Township, Jefferson 
County, Ohio (p. 89). 


BUTLER TOWNSHIP, HANCOCK COUNTY, W. VA. 

Butler Township includes most of the West Virginia tributaries 
of Kings Creek. In the northern portion of the township the forma¬ 
tions are high, but they dip steeply to the south and southeast, so 
that the Pittsburg coal is caught in the higher hills along the south 
edge of the township and at Paris, Pa. 

Pittsburg coal .—The ridge between Kings Creek and New Cumber¬ 
land Junction contains the Pittsburg coal near the summit. The high 
ridge between North Fork of Kings Creek and Aunt Clara Fork 
catches the Pittsburg coal in two places. It is also exposed near the 
schoolhouse at the intersections of roads east of Aunt Clara Fork. 
The average thickness of the coal is a little less than 5 feet. It is 
overlain by a heavy sandstone and has been opened for mining in a 
number of places. 

IAmestone beds below the Pittsburg coal .—The interval between the 
Ames limestone and the Pittsburg coal contains two or three blue 
limestone beds, each about 1 foot in thickness. Their positions were 
not well established, though they may be said to be approximately 
20, 80, and 120 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone is especially well developed 
throughout the Turkeyfoot oil field and along North Fork of Kings 
Creek; also south of Kings Creek in the eastern portion of the town- 


96 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

ship. The bed was found on the summit of a small knob south of the 
ridge road 1 mile southeast of Kings Creek station. It could not be 
located, however, in the high knob directly east of Kings Creek sta¬ 
tion nor in the knob south of Kings Creek station and between Kings 
Creek and the river. Only one comparison of any value was made 
of elevations to determine the interval between the Ames limestone 
and the Pittsburg coal. This gave a result of 220 feet. 

Cambridge limestone. —In this township two outcrops of the Cam¬ 
bridge limestone were found, one in a small run northwest of Paris, 
Pa., and the other on the road from Paris to Turkeyfoot oil field. 
This bed is about 95 feet below the Ames limestone. 

Finley coal .—The Finley coal is of considerable importance, being 
mined about 1 mile southeast of Zalia station. It is accompanied by 
a heavy limestone below. 

Roger coal .—This coal outcrops along the river front back of Zalia 
and Kings Creek station; also at the iron bridge over Kings Creek, 
and from that place almost continuously up the creek beyond the 
Turkeyfoot oil field. The bed is about 3^ feet in thickness and is 
mined in a number of places, furnishing an excellent quality of coal. 
The interval between this coal and the Ames limestone does not 
remain constant, differing fully 75 feet between the Turkeyfoot oil 
field and the mouth of Kings Creek. The bed of coal is undoubtedly 
not parallel to the other strata of the formation. This peculiarity 
of the Roger coal has been noticed at other locations, and for that 
reason it is not a reliable stratum to use for careful structural work. 

Middle Kittanning coal. —The Middle Kittanning coal is at the 
same elevation as the wagon road from Holbert Run to the mouth of 
Kings Creek, where it is just above the grade of the railroad. 

Lower Kittanning coal. —The Lower Kittanning coal and its under¬ 
lying fire clay have been opened for mining at Zalia and to the south. 
This coal dips under the river at the mouth of Kings Creek. The 
intervals from this coal and the three preceding to the Ames lime¬ 
stone are given under Knox Township, Jefferson County, Ohio 
(p. 89). 

CROSS CREEK AND BUFFALO TOWNSHIPS, BROOKE COUNTY, W. VA. 

Cross Creek Township includes most of the drainage of Harmon 
and Cross creeks, in West Virginia. The small portion of Buffalo 
Township which reaches to the southern limit of the quadrangle 
will be considered in connection with Cross Creek Township. These 
townships present a geologic section from the Washington coal of 
the Washington formation to the Cambridge limestone of the Cone- 
maugh formation. 

Washington , Waynesburg , and Uniontown coals. —The Union- 
town and Waynesburg coals occur in a considerable area south 
of Cross Creek, and the Washington coal is present on the 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 97 


higher hills near the town of Independence, Pa. None of these 
coals is of commercial value in the quadrangle. The IJniontown is 
a small bed not over 1 foot thick. The Wavnesburg is about 2 feet 
thick and overlain by sandstone. About 30 feet above the Waynes- 
burg is the Waynesburg “A” bed, about 1 foot thick and underlain 
by fire clay. The Washington coal has a thickness of about 4 feet 
and is overlain by limestone. Not enough good measurements of 
the distances between these upper coals could be obtained to tabulate 
the results. By comparing the elevations of these coal beds and the 
elevation of the Pittsburg and Meigs Creek coals at different places 
the following measurements for the interval between them were 
obtained: 


Distance between top of various coal beds and bottom of Pittsburg coal, Cross 

Creek and Buffalo townships, West Virginia. 


Feet. 


IJniontown coal_20G 

Waynesburg coal_250 

Waynesburg “A” coal___278 

Washington coal_355 


Bemcood limestone .—The Benwood limestone is present in the 
high land between Cross Creek and Buffalo. It is also found in the 
higher knobs of the ridge which extends eastward from Ohio River 
south of Harmon Creek. The separate beds of the Benwood lime¬ 
stone are not characteristic enough to be used as marking strata for 
determining the geologic structure. 

Meigs Creek coal .—The outcrop of the Meigs Creek coal is present 
in most places on all roads leading north and south from the main 
ridge south of Harmon Creek. The coal is not of sufficient thickness 
to be of economic value, but is a good geologic marker. The out¬ 
crops of the Meigs Creek coal, whose elevations were determined in 
the northern portion of the township, were not in position for direct 
comparison with the Pittsburg coal. In the southern part of Cross 
Creek Township and in Buffalo Township the Meigs Creek coal is 
of very poor quality, its position usually being represented only by 
a stratum of black shale. The distance of the Meigs Creek coal above 
the Pittsburg is somewhat greater in this area than elsewhere in the 
quadrangle, as shown by the following measurements: 


Distance between top of Meigs Creek coal and base of Pittsburg coal, Cross 

Creek and Buffalo townships, West Virginia. 


On road down Potrock Run- 

On road from Cross Creek to Pierce Run- 

On hill between Cross Creek and Scott Run- 

On ridge road from Cross Creek to Fowlersville 
On ridge east of Ebenezer Run- 


Feet. 

102 

111 

110 

109 

113 


Average, i- 

3496—Bull. 318—07-7 


109 














98 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pittsburg coal .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops throughout Cross 
Creek Township. In the northwestern part, in the vicinity of Wheel¬ 
ing Junction, it is near the tops of the hills, but dips to the southeast 
and is about halfway down the slopes at Cross Creek and reaches 
water level in Pierce Run at the south edge of the quadrangle. The 
average thickness of the coal is fully 5 feet. It is overlain bv the 
Pittsburg sandstone, which is from 20 to 30 feet thick. The over- 
Ivins; limestone and the Rider coal are absent in nearly all of this 

area. 

Ames limestone .—The Ames limestone is well developed on both 
sides of Harmon Creek, along Cross Creek, and east of Ohio River 
back of Wellsburg. It is usually accompanied by its two coals, one 
20 feet below and the other from 10 to 20 feet above. Jhe only poi- 
tion of Cross Creek Township in which the limestone is not well 
developed is in the vicinity of Wheeling Junction and New Cumber¬ 
land Junction. The following comparisons of elevations were made 
for determining the thickness of the interval between the Pittsburg 
coal and the Ames limestone: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of Ames limestone, Cross Creek 

and Buffalo townships. West Virginia. 

Feet. 

On road south of Colliers Station- 219 

On road south of Harmon Creek-210 

On road to ridge east of Colliers Station-223 

On pike south of Colliers-224 

On ridge west of Colliers, coal compared with the average elevation of four 

outcrops of limestone-210 

On road northeast of Mahan-224 

On road up ridge between Painters and Titt runs-226 

On hill east of Wellsburg-218 

On hill east of Lazearville--- 215 

Average_219 


Cambridge limestone .—Only one outcrop of the Cambridge lime¬ 
stone was found in this area. It occurs in the small run entering 
McMahan Run at Lotver Ferry. Its position is 97 feet below the 
Ames limestone. 













CHAPTER Til. 


WEED EOGS ITSET) IX MAKING TIIE STEITRENVILLE CON¬ 
VERGENCE SHEET. 

WELLS IN THE STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. 

1 he convergence sheet of the Steubenville quadrangle was con¬ 
structed from the records of 36 wells within the quadrangle and 7 
wells near its edge in adjoining quadrangles. The wells selected in 
the quadrangle are shown by the numbers on the convergence sheet 
(PL V, pocket). 

AY ell No. 10 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of W. H. McCul¬ 
lough. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,348 feet. The 
elevation of the well mouth is 1,126 feet. The Pittsburg coal near 
the well is at an elevation of 1,155 feet, or 29 feet above the mouth 
of the well. The Berea sand is therefore 1,377 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal. 


Lou of' TV. H. McCullough well No. 1 (No. 10). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

400 

520 

960 

1,348 

Feet. 

407 

555 

1,158 

1,395 

Sand Cow Run . . 

Sand Big Injun . . 

Sand Berea .. ... 



Well No. 16 .—This well is No. 2 on the farm of J. F. McLean. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,473 feet. The elevation of 
the well mouth is 1,250 feet. The well passed through the Pitts¬ 
burg coal at 150 feet. The Berea sand is therefore 1,323 feet below 
the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of J. F. McLean well No. 2 (No. 16). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Cnal PittQhlirP r . 

Feet. 

145 

650 

960 

1,473 

1,480 

1,508 

Feet. 

150 



1,155 







1,516 




99 













































100 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 22 .—This well is No. 2 on the farm of S. Z. Alexander. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,354 feet. The elevation 
of the well mouth is 1,135 feet. The limestone above the Pittsburg 
coal outcrops near the well at an elevation of 1,111 feet. The base of 
the Pittsburg coal is therefore 39 feet below the mouth of the well, 
and the Berea sand is 1,215 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of S. 7j. Alexander veil No. 2 (No. 22). 


• 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Fire clav. 

Feet. 

525 

840 

1,354 

1,364 

Feet. 

Sand, Big Iniun (water at 950 feet). 

1,040 

Sand, Berea. 

Sand, first pay. 


Total depth. 

1,406 




Well No. 71 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of C. Cooper, owned 
by Frudenburg & St. Clair. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 
1,436 feet. The elevation of the well month is 1,205 feet. The 
Pittsburg coal outcrops on both sides of the well at an elevation of 
1,158 feet, or 47 feet below the mouth. The Berea is therefore 
1,389 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 149 .—This well is on the farm of J. W. Johnson, 011 
Croxton Run. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 750 feet. 
The elevation of the mouth of the well is 744 feet. The Roger coal 
outcrops close to the Avell at an elevation of 750 feet, or 6 feet above 
the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 756 feet below the Roger 
coal, or 1,335 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of J. W. Johnson 1 well No. 1 (No. 1^9). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

150 

160 

235 

275 

350 

750 

950 

Feet. 

Gas. 


Coal. 


Coal. 


Sand, Salt. 


Sand, Berea. 

815 

Red rock. . 

Total depth. 

1,000 

% 



Well No. 110 .—This well is on the farm of Mary Wallace. The 
only information obtained about it is from the files of the inspector 
of mines, who reports the total depth of the well as 1,175 feet. From 
this it is assumed that the depth to sand is 1,145 feet. The elevation 
of the mouth of the well is 905 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops 
near the well at an elevation of 953 feet, or 48 feet above the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore about 1,193 feet below the Ames lime¬ 
stone and about 1,415 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 















































WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 101 


II ell A o. Ill ,—This well is on the farm of the McClelland heirs, 
on Island Creek. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,090 feet. 
The elevation of the mouth of the well is 837 feet. The Ames lime¬ 
stone outcrops on all sides of the well, at an elevation of 914 feet, or 
107 feet above the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,197 feet 
below the Ames limestone and 1,419 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

II ell A o. 173 .—This well is on the farm of J. Slentz. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,237 feet. The elevation of the mouth 
of the well is 1,054 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops south of the 
well at an elevation of 1,032 feet, being about 1,030 feet at the well, 
or 24 feet below the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 
1,213 feet below the Ames limestone and 1,435 feet beloAv the Pitts¬ 
burg coal. 

Well No. 180 .—This well is on the farm of Mrs. T. J. Wells, on 
the bank of Ohio River, between Costonia and Toronto. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,005 feet. The elevation of the mouth 
of the well is now 828 feet. The Roger coal outcrops a short distance 
north of the well at 687 feet, being about 683 feet at the well, or 145 
feet below the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 860 
* feet below the Roger coal, 1,217 feet below the Ames limestone, and 
1,439 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Log of Mrs. T. J. Wells well (No. 180). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand. 

Feet. 

168 

236 

241 

500 

1,005 

Feet. 

235 

Coal... 

Clay .. .. .... . 


Sand, Big Injun (break at 58J feet). 

720 

1,065 

Sand, Berea. . 



Well No. 188 .—This well is on the farm of D. W. Swearinger. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,130 feet. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 984 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops west of the 
well at an elevation of 1,103 feet. The elevation is about 1,090 feet 
at the well, or 106 feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea 
sand is therefore 1,236 feet below the Ames limestone, or 1,456 feet 
below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 360 .—This well is No. 11 on the farm of John LundufF. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,235 feet. The elevation 
of the well mouth is 1,200 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops east 
of the well at an elevation of 1,152 feet, and west of the well at an 
elevation of 1,184 feet, being 1,165 feet at the well, or 36 feet below 
the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,200 feet below 
the Ames limestone and 1,420 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 303 .—This well is No. 2 of B lease of the Longfitt farm. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,338 feet. The elevation 
















102 OIL AND gas; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

of the well month is 1,163 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops east 
of the well at 1,010 feet, being about 1,045 feet, at the well, or 118 
feet, below the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,220 
feet below the Ames limestone, or 1,440 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 284 .—This well is on the farm of Emma Morrow. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,205 feet. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 1,024 feet. The Ames limestone lies at an elevation 
of 1,085 feet at the well, or 61 feet above the level of the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,265 feet below the Ames limestone, or 
1,486 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of Emma Morrow well {No. 284)- 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

10 

Feet. 

40 


150 


Stanri TT 11 rrv-im . 

350 

410 

Crm 1 hio* hpd .... 

410 


SanO Salt . 

580 

033 

Snnrl Biprlrmin .. _ .. 

775 

960 

Sail cl T4pypji .. 

1,205 





Well No, 207 .—This well is No. 15 on the Cable farm. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,272 feet. The elevation of the well 
mouth is 1,052 feet. The Ames limestone is at an elevation of 1,072 
feet at the well, or 19 feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea 
sand is therefore 1,291 feet below the Ames limestone, or 1,511 feet 
below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 25Ji .—This well is No. 3 on the farm of Sarah E. War¬ 
wick. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,528 feet. The 
elevation of the well mouth is 1,244 feet. From the contoured map 
the Pittsburg coal has an elevation at the well of 1,249 feet, or 5 
feet above the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,533 feet below 
the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 389.—f This well is on the farm of John Owens. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,435 feet. The elevation of 
the well mouth is 1,107 feet. The Pittsburg coal has an elevation 
of 1,193 feet at the well, or 86 feet above the level of the mouth. The 
Berea sand is therefore 1,521 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 15J /-.—This well is No. 6 on the Morrow heirs farm. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,210 feet. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 965 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops on the road 
near the well at 980 feet, or 15 feet above the level of the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,225 feet below the Ames limestone and 
1,445 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. lilt .—This well is No. 3 on the farm of the Morrow 
heirs. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,189 feet. The eleva¬ 
tion of the mouth of the well is 935 feet. The AmeS limestone out- 

























WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 103 

crops to the south at an elevation of 968 feet, which is equivalent 
to 974 feet at the well, or 39 feet above the level of the mouth. The 
Berea sand is therefore 1,228 feet below the Ames limestone and 
1.448 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Log of Morrow well Vo. 3 (Vo. Ilk). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Drift. 

Feet. 

29 

48 

100 

243 

400 

430 

620 

1,189 

Feet. 

Sand. 


Red rock. 


Coal. .. ... . . . 


Coal. . 


Fire clay. . 


Sand, Big Injun. 

825 

1,211 

Sand, Berea. 



1 Yell No. 135 .—This well is No. 2 on the farm of the Morrow 
heirs. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,456 feet. The eleva¬ 
tion of the well mouth is 1,179 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops 
near the well at an elevation of 1,182 feet, or 3 feet above the level 
of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,459 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 143 .—This well is on the farm of J. S. Watt, on Island 
Creek. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,237 feet. The 
elevation of the well mouth is 956 feet. The Ames limestone out¬ 
crops near the well at an elevation of 965 feet, or 9 feet above the 
level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,246 feet below the 
Ames limestone and 1,464 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 145 .—This is well No. 1 on the Price farm. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,297 feet. The elevation of the well 
mouth is 1,066 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops at an elevation of 
1,215 feet to the southeast and at 1.251 feet to the northwest, this 
being equivalent to 1,231 feet at the well, or 165 feet above the level 
of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,462 feet below the Pitts¬ 
burg coal. 

Well No. 402 .—This well is on the farm of M. Eheinhart. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,362 feet. The elevation of 
the well mouth is 1,054 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops south of 
the well at an elevation of 984 feet, or 70 feet below the level of 
the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,292 feet below the Ames 
limestone and 1,510 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Log of M. Rheinhart well (Vo. k02). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

325 

Feet. 

330 


660 

800 


820 

980 

ucllltl j nig 1I1JUU. 

1,362 

1,369 























































104 ' OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 501 .—This well is No. 5 on the C. & W . Block farm. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,496 feet. The elevation 
of the-well mouth is 1,182 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near 
the well at an elevation of 1,176 feet, or 6 feet below the level of 
the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,490 feet below the Pitts¬ 
burg coal. 

Well No. 515 .—This well is on the farm of F. Roberts. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,517 feet. The elevation of the well 
mouth is 1,143 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near the well at 
an elevation of 1,165 feet, or 22 feet above the level of the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,539 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. Jj.05 .—This well was drilled by the Eastern Ohio Oil 
Company in the first ravine west of Fernwood. The Berea sand was 
found at a depth of 1,288 feet. The elevation of the well mouth 
is 861 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops on the side of the creek at 
an eleA^ation of 918 feet, or 57 feet above the level of the well mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,345 feet below the Ames limestone and 
1,562 feet below the Pittsburg coal. This well was drilled to a depth 
of 3,000 feet. Only traces of the lower sands were found. 

Well No. 466 .—This well is on the farm of S. Parr. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,563 feet. The elevation of the mouth 
of the well is 1,019 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near the well 
at an elevation of 1,028 feet, or 9 feet above the level of the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,572 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of 8. Parr well (No. 466). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand (water at lG5feet). 

Feet. 

110 

Feet. 

90^ 

Sand. 

oqp: 

ZUO 

Sand. 

2.0 O 
oon 

oUU 

Sand. 

oZU 

oZu 

Coal. 

4/0 

525 

oUU 

Sand. 


Coal. 

ouu 

G90 

&90 

040 

Limestone. 


Sand, Big Injun. 

QOO 

ooO 

Sand, Berea. 

1,563 

1,570 

1 , zuu 

Sand,pay. 


Total dept h. 




1, 0UZ 


Well No. 442 .—This is well No. 2 on the farm of 11. M. Mclntire. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,427 feet. The elevation of 
the well mouth is 896 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops south of the 
well at an elevation of 1,042 feet and north of the well at an elevation 
of 1,053 feet, which is equivalent to 1,048 feet at the well, or 152 
feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,579 
feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 435 .—This well is No. 10 on the Lewis farm. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,645 feet. The elevation of the well 



































WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 105 


mouth is 1,1-5 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near the well at 
an elevation of 1,002 feet, or 03 feet below the level of the mouth. 
1 he Berea sand is therefore 1,582 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 407 .—This well is No. 1 on the Nicholson farm, at the 
south end of Steubenville. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 
1,843 feet. The elevation of the mouth of the well is 800 feet. The 
Ames limestone outcrops near the well at an elevation of 835 feet, or 
3.) feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 

1,378 feet below the Ames limestone, or 1,591 feet below the Pittsburg 
coal. 

Lo(,i of Nicholson well No. 1 (No. 407). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Shale and limy shells . 

Feet. 

94 

Feet. 

30 

Limestone. 

90 

40 

Shale, white. 

40 

10O 

Sand, white. 

100 

140 

Shale. 

140 

QQO 

Casing through Roger coal. 


.310 

Shale and shells. 

330 

^Q9 

Sand. 

f^Q9 

uvo 

APvQ 

Shale . 

OTjO 

PM 

DOD 

079 

Sand, Big Injun. 

673 

Q73 

Q79 

Shale. . 

1,343 

1 930 

Sand, Berea. 

1 343 

Shale, hard. 

1 990 

1 491 





Nell A o. 485 .—This well is on the farm of John McKim. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,660 feet, Hie elevation of the 
mouth of the wall is 1,124 feet. The well passes through the Pitts¬ 
burg coal at a depth of 60 feet. The Berea sand is therefore 1,600 
feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Lop of John McKim well (No. 485). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

55 

460 

570 

1,030 

1,070 

1,660 

Feet. 

Coal. . 


Coal.. 


Sand, Big Injun. 


Cased (not Big Injun). 


Sand, Berea. . 

1,600 



Well No. 514 .—This well is on the farm of George Strong. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,387 feet. The elevation of the 
mouth of the well is 737 feet. The Ames limestone outcrops east of 
the well at an elevation of 760 feet, or 23 feet above the level of the 
mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,410 feet above the Ames lime¬ 
stone and 1,632 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 392 .—This well is on the Peterson farm. The Berea sand 
was found at a depth of 1,240 feet. The elevation of the well mouth 































































106 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


is 820 feet, and that of the Ames limestone at the well is 934 feet, or 
114 feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 
1,354 feet below the Ames limestone and 1,572 feet below the Pitts¬ 


burg coal. 

Well No. 393 .—This well is on the Cable farm. The Berea sand 
was found at a depth of 1,463 feet. The elevation of the well mouth 
is 1,074 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near the well at an eleva¬ 
tion of 1,177 feet, or 103 feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea 
sand is therefore 1,566 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 479 .—This well is on the Barclay farm, south of the city 
of Wellsburg. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,300 feet. 
The elevation of the well mouth is 657 feet. The Ames limestone out¬ 
crops near the well at an elevation of 760 feet, or 103 feet above the 
level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,403 feet below the 
Ames limestone and 1,625 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of Barclay gas well ( .Vo. .',19 ). 


Clay, yellow 
Clay, blue.. 
Sand, blue.. 

Coal. 

Fire clay ... 
Sand, white 
Fire clay 

Shale. 

Coal. 

Fire clay ... 

Shale. 

Sand, white 

Shale. 

Sand. 

Shale . 

Sand. 

Sand, white 
Sand, gray.. 
Sand, blue.. 

Coal. 

Shale. 

Sand, white 

Shale. 

Sand, white 

Shale. 

Sand, Berea 


Well No. 490.— 


This well is on the Lee farm, on Pierce Run. The 


Top. 

Bottom. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

0 

20 

20 

40 

40 

72 

72 

78 

78 

113 

113 

135 

135 

147 

147 

187 

187 

199 

199 

204 

204 

.234 

234 

274 

274 

314 

314 

388 

388 

403 

403 

478 

478 

553 

553 

583 

583 

623 

623 

629 

629 

660 

750 

800 

800 

850 

850 

900 

900 

1,300 

1,300 

1,310 

‘ce Run. The 


Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,695 feet. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 956 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops south of the 
well at an elevation of 907 feet and is about 915 feet at the well, or 41 
feet below the level of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,654 


feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 491 .—This well is on the Cassiday farm. The Berea sand 
was found at a depth of 1,520 feet. The elevation of the well is 928 
feet. No outcrop of Pittsburg coal was found close to the well. 
From the contour map of the Pittsburg coal the elevation is 1,037 















































WELL LOOS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 107 


feet at the well, or 109 feet above the mouth. The Berea sand is 
therefore about 1,629 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Log of Cassiday well (No. 491). 


Soil and loose rock. 

Sand, soft. 

Shale.” 

Limestone, hard. 

Shale and shells. 

Sand, white, hard. 

Shale, black, soft. 

Sand, gray, hard.’ 

Coal. 

Shale, gray, soft. 

Sand, white, hard. 

Slate, black, soft. 

Sand, gray, soft. 

Shale, dark, hard. 

Limestone, brownish, hard. 

Sand, top yellow, bottom gray, Big Injun 

Shale... 

Shale, black, soft. 

Sand, dark, hard, Berea. 

Shale, gray, soft. 


Top. 

Bottom. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

0 

13 

13 

50 

50 

140 

140 

155 

155 

300 

300 

350 

350 

500 

500 

620 

620 

625 

625 

690 

690 

720 

720 

775 

775 

800 

800 

875 

875 

925 

925 

1,160 

1,160 

1,480 

1,480 

1,520 

1,520 

1,545 

1,445 

1,449 


WELLS IN THE WELLSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 

Along the north edge of the quadrangle the convergence sheet is 
governed by two wells on the south edge of the Wellsville quadrangle, 
as follows: 

New Cumberland gas well .—This well is situated on the farm of 
J. B. Campbell, at the north end of New Cumberland. The mouth 
of the well is at an elevation of 655 feet. The Lower Kittanning 
coal outcrops at an elevation of 737 feet east of the well and at 703 
feet across the river to the west. The elevation of this coal bed 
directly above the well would be about 725 feet, or 70 feet above the 
mouth. The interval between the Lower Kittanning coal and the 
Pittsburg coal is 695 feet. Therefore the Berea sand is about 1,354 
feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of J. T. Campbell gas ivell, New Cumberland. 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal . 

Feet. 

72 

120 

220 

599 

Feet. 



Sand Big Injun . 

280 

Sand Rprpa ... 




Edmonston well .—The J. & J. Edmonston well is situated near the 
south edge of the Wellsville quadrangle, west of Knoxville. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,355 feet. The well mouth is 
at an elevation of 1,103 feet. The well passed through the Pittsburg 
coal at a depth of 10 feet. The Berea sand is therefore 1,345 feet 























































108 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


below the Pittsburg coal. This well was drilled 618 feet below the 
Berea sand, and two lower sands were discovered, as shown by the 
record. A show of oil is reported in the Berea sand. 

Log of J. tG J. Edmonston well, near Knoxville . 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Rnrfapp matprial .. 

Feet. 

0 

Feet. 

40 

Coal Pittsburg - . 

4 

10 


10 

59 


59 

90 


90 

520 


520 

648 


648 

970 


970 

1,000 


1,000 

1,325 

1,355 

Sha.lp bla.pk . 

1,325 

Sanrl with oil Bprpa. . 

1,355 

1,402 


1 ’ 402 

1, 800 


1,800 

1,830 


1,830 

1,900 


1,900 

1,920 


1,920 

2,120 



WELLS IN THE CADIZ QUADRANGLE. 

Along the west edge of the quadrangle the convergence sheet is con¬ 
trolled by three wells in the Cadiz quadrangle, as follows: 

Well No. 221 .—This well is on the farm of W. Andrews, on Town 
Fork of Yellow Creek. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 
1,085 feet. The elevation of the well mouth is 880 feet. The eleva¬ 
tion of the Pittsburg coal near the well is 1,245 feet. The distance 
from the Pittsburg coal to the Berea sand is therefore 1,450 feet. 

Well No. 218 .—This well is on the farm of J. L. Palmer. The 
Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,472 feet. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 1,070 feet. The Pittsburg coal near the well is at an 
elevation of 1,150 feet, or 80 feet above the level of the mouth. The 
Berea sand is therefore 1,552 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

Well No. 196 .—This well is on the farm of J. W. Southerland. 
The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,432 feet. The elevation 
of the well mouth is 918 feet. The Pittsburg coal at the well is at 
an elevation of 1,062 feet, or 144 feet above the level of the mouth. 
The Berea sand is therefore 1,576 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

WELLS IN THE BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 

Along the east edge of the quadrangle the convergence sheet is gov¬ 
erned for the northern half by two wells in the Burgettstown quad¬ 
rangle that were drilled to the Berea sand, as follows: 

Well No. 182 .—This well is on the farm of the William Arnold 
heirs. The Berea sand was found at a depth of 1,331 feet. The ele¬ 
vation of the well mouth is 1,036 feet. The Pittsburg coal is at an 





























WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 109 


elevation of about 1,253 feet at the well, or 217 feet above the level 
of the mouth. The Berea sand is therefore 1,548 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal. 

11 ell o. '205. I his well is No. 1 on the Martin farm. The Berea 
sand was found at a depth of 1,534 feet. The elevation of the well 
mouth is 1,115 feet. I he Pittsburg coal at the well is at an elevation 
of 1,218 feet, or 103 feet above the level of the mouth. The Berea 
sand is therefore 1,637 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of Martin well No. 1 {No. 205 ) 


Top. 


Bottom. 


Shale, dark gray, soft. 

Sand, gray, soft. 

Shale, gray, soft. 

Shale, red... 

Sand, white, soft. 

Coal. 

Fire clay. 

Shale, dark, soft. 

Sand, white. 

Coal. 

Shale, gray. 

Sand, gray, very hard. 

Shale, gray and brown, soft 

Sand, gray, soft. 

Shale, black, soft. 

Sand, gray, hard. 

Sand, white, soft. 

Shale, black, soft. 

Sand, brown. 

Limestone, white, hard. 

Sand, yellow, hard. 

Shale, . 

Shale, black, Sunbury. 

Sand, Berea, dark, hard 


Feet. 

12 

52 

82 

202 

347 

362 

367 

377 

452 

467 

477 

497 

517 

617 

632 

707 

722 

890 

925 

940 

950 

1,176 

1,524 

1,534 


Feet. 

52 

82 

202 

347 

362 

367 

377 

452 

467 

477 

497 

517 

617 

632 

707 

722 

890 

925 

940 

950 

1,176 

1,524 

1,534 

1,564 


For the southern half no wells within the Burgettstown quadrangle 
have been used to extend the convergence sheet to the east. This is 
owing to the fact that the wells of Pennsylvania do not furnish 
reliable information as to the position of the Berea sand. East of 
the Pennsylvania line the Berea sand is no longer an oil or gas 
producer. 

CORRELATION OF THE BEREA OIL SAND WITH SANDS IN 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

East of the Steubenville quadrangle the sand known as the Hun¬ 
dred-foot is the great oil and gas producer. It lies below the hori¬ 
zon of the Berea sand. Any wells drilled to it must pass through 
the Berea sand if this rock is present. The logs of eight wells drilled 
for gas along the west edge of the Burgettstown quadrangle will be 
given for the purpose of discussion and correlation of the Berea with 
the sands of Pennsylvania. 












































110 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 206 .—This is well No. 1 on the Kidd farm, situated at 
the south end of Eldersv'ille. The elevation of the well mouth is 
1,316 feet. * 

Log of Kidd well No. 1 (No. 206). 


Top. Bottom. 


Feet. Feet. 


Coal, Pittsburg. 

Coal, Freeport. 

Sand. 

Sand, Big Injun. 

Shells, Hundred-foot (no sand) 

Sand, Thirty-foot. 

Total depth. 


270 
900 
1,100 
1,290 
2,051 
2,155 


275 


2,205 


This log gives the Pittsburg coal at 1,015 feet above the Big Injun 
sand and 1,776 feet above the top of the Hundred-foot sand. 

Well No. 811 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of Alex. Smith, 
situated half a mile south of well No. 206. The elevation of the 
mouth of the well is 1,110 feet, and that of the Pittsburg coal is 1,014 
feet, or 75 feet below the level of the mouth. 

Log of Alex. Smith well No. 1 (No. 811). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

70 

670 

910 

1,055 

1,255 

1,860 

Feet. 

Coal, Freeport. 


Sand, Salt (gas and salt water). 


Sand, Big Injun. 


Small show of oil. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 

1,868 

1,892 

Total depth. 




This log gives the Pittsburg coal at 080 feet above the Big Injun 
sand and 1,786 feet above the Hundred-foot sand. 

Well No. 816 .—This is well No. 1 on the Metcalf farm, situated 
half a mile due south of well No. 810. The elevation of the mouth 
is 1,246 feet, and that of the Pittsburg coal is 1,000 feet, or 246 feet 
below the level of the mouth. 


Log of Metcalf well No. 1 (No. 816). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal. 

Feet. 

225 

680 

696 

1,075 

1,260 

1,275 

1,590 

2,044 

Feet. 

Sand, Dunkard. 


Sand, Salt (much salt water). 

1,155 

Limestone. 

Casing, 61-inch (no break in Big Injun). 


Sand, Squaw, and Gas. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 

2,053 
2,081 

Total depth. 

. 



I his log shows the limestone at 1,014 feet, the Squaw sand at 1,344 

feet, and the top of the Hundred-foot sand at 1,708 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal. 

















































































WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. Ill 


II ell No. 817 .—This well is on the farm of David Cole, situated 
hall a mile south and a little east of well No. 816. The elevation of 
the mouth is 1,263 feet. The Pittsburg coal at this point is at an 
elevation of 1,002 feet, or 261 feet below the level of the mouth. 

Log of David Cole well (No. 817). 


- 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand, Salt. 

Feet. 

1,095 

1,600 

1,647 

2,077 

Feet, 

1,140 

1,645 

Sand, Bitter Rock . 

Water.. 

Sand, Hundred-foot. 

2,087 

2,113 

Total depth. 




This log shows that the Pittsburg coal is 1,339 feet above the Bitter 
Pock and 1,816 feet above the Hundred-foot sand. 

1 Veil No. 819 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of Henry C. Cooper, 
situated 1 mile due south of well No. 811. The elevation of the 
mouth is 1,213 feet. The Pittsburg coal at this point is at an eleva¬ 
tion of 1,000 feet, or 213 feet below the level of the mouth. 


Log of Henry C. Cooper icell No. 1 (No. 819). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

flow 1 Pi t tshn rp- . ... 

Feet. 

240 

600 

640 

1,200 

1,542 

1,996 

Feet. 

Sanfi Dnnkflrd . 




San (4 Ritr Tninn l hrpa k ti t 1.300 foot ) _..... 

1,440 

1,573 

2,006 

2,044 

SflnH SmiflW _ .... 

fffmrl TTnniirprl-fnnt .. 

Tntn 1 rl pr»th . 




This log shows that the Pittsburg coal is 987 feet above the Big 
Injun sand, 1,329 feet above the Squaw sand, and 1,783 feet above the 
top of the Hundred-foot sand. 

Well No. 820 .—This well is on the farm of Mary and Elmas Cun¬ 
ningham, situated half a mile west of well No. 817. The elevation 
of the well mouth is 1,051 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near 
the well at an elevation of 999 feet, or 52 feet below the level of the 
mouth. 


Log of Mary and Elmas Cunningham well (No. 820). 


Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

50 

460 

880 

1,380 

1,650 

1,750 

1,855 

Feet. 



Sand, Salt (no gas; break of 20 feet at 1,170 feet) . 

1,440 

o&llfl, Ocil l, dll Cl VV .. . 


bneiJS, .. . 



1,865 

1,892 

band, .. 













































































112 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


This log shows that the Pittsburg coal is 1,597 feet above the Hun¬ 
dred-foot shells, 1,697 feet above the hard sand, and 1,806 feet above 
the Hundred-foot sand. 

Well No. 822 .—This well is on the farm of Gr. Cunningham, situ¬ 
ated 1 mile south a little east of well No. 820. The elevation of the 
well mouth is 1,125 feet, and that of the Pittsburg coal is 1,005 feet, 
or 120 below the level of the mouth. 


Log of G. Cunningham well (No. 822). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

90 

Feet. 

Fnal Pittshnrp - _ .. 

119 

125 

Rpd rnp.k .. 

300 

330 

Sflnrl T.it tip Dn npG rrl .-. 

415 

425 

Coa1 Freenort . . 

477 

483 

Sand Rip - T)nnkaxd ... 

537 

636 

Sand Salt . . . 

920 

1,019 

Sand TCppnpr . 

1,070 

1,085 

Sand Rify Tninn . 

1,115 

1,600 

1,750 

1,830 

1,240 

finnrl Hitfpr Rnpkr (snmp phis! _ .... 

1,614 

Shplls 4Tnnd rpd-font; .... 

1,830 

1,900 

Rpd rock .. 

Sand TTnndrpd-fnnt .. 

1,954 
2,053 
2,125 

1,973 

Sand Thirtv-fnot ... 


Sand Onrdnn Sr.ra.y... 

2,135 

Sand Gordon. 

2,147 
2,209 

2,159 

Sand Fourth . 

2,217 

2,302 

Total depth . 




This log shows that the Pittsburg coal is 995 feet above the Big 
Injun sand, 1,480 feet above the Bitter Rock sand, 1,630 feet above the 
Hundred-foot shells, and 1,834 feet above the Hundred-foot sand. 

Well No. 823 .—This well is on the farm of James Martin, situated 
1 mile southwest of well No. 822. The elevation of the well mouth 
is 946 feet, or 42 feet below the base of the Pittsburg coal. 


Log of James Martin well (No. 823). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Shale and limestone. 

Feet. 

16 

316 

370 

370 

495 

545 

630 

780 

860 

1,005 

1,450 

1,610 

1,700 

1,804 

. Feet. 

310 


Shale, black. 


Sand, Dunkard. 

435 

545 

630 

685 

825 

885 

1,375 

1,455 

Sand, Lower Dunkard. 

Shale and lime. 

Sand, Gas. 

Sand, Salt, much water. 

Sand, Salt, second... 

Sand, Big Injun. 

Sand, Bitter Rock. 

Sand, Stray. 

Red rock. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 

1,809 

1,832 

Total depth. 

* 



The log of this well shows that the Pittsburg coal is 1,047 feet 
above the Big Injun, 1,492 feet above the Bitter Rock, 1,652 feet 
above the Stray sand, and 1,846 feet above the Hundred-foot sand. 





































































WELL LOGS USED FOR STEUBENVILLE CONVERGENCE SHEET. 113 


Conclusions. —These eight wells are in a line from Elclersville to 
Cross Creek, about lit miles east of the boundary line of the Steuben¬ 
ville quadrangle. They are separated by distances of one-half to 1 
mile. Their logs show that the distance from the Pittsburg coal to 
the Hundred-foot sand increases regularly toward the south. In 
well No. 206 this distance is 1,776 feet; in well No. 811, one-half mile 
to the south, 1,786 feet; in well No. 819, 1 mile farther south, 1,783 
feet; in well No. 816, one-half mile still farther south, 1,798 feet; in 
wells Nos. 820 and 817, which are one-half mile farther south and 
one-half mile east and west from each other, 1,802 feet and 1,816 feet, 
respectively; in well No. 822, 1 mile farther south, 1,83d feet, and in 
well No. 823, 1 mile still farther south, 1,846 feet. These steel-tape 
results are satisfactory. The increasing distance to the south is to be 
expected. 

The data regarding the sands above the Hundred-foot are of little 
value. The top of the Big Injun is 1,015 feet below the Pittsburg 
coal in well No. 206; 976 feet in well No. 811; 987 feet in well No. 819; 
995 feet in well No. 822, and 1,047 feet in well No. 823. The Bitter 
Rock sand is 1,339 feet below the Pittsburg coal in well No. 817; 1,480 
feet in well No. 822, and 1,497 feet in well No. 823. Well No. 820 
shows a hard sand 1,597 feet below the Pittsburg coal; well No. 822 
gives the Hundred-foot shells 1,630 feet below the coal; well No. 823 
gives the Stray sand 1,657 feet below the coal. These results prove 
that for close work no reliance can be placed on anything in a well 
record but steel-tape measurements. To make any deductions from 
other portions of the record is dangerous. 

The Bitter Rock sand in Pennsylvania is said to have the pecul¬ 
iarities of the Berea and is believed by many to be its equivalent. The 
distance of the Berea sand below the Pittsburg coal has been followed 
step by step across the Steubenville quadrangle. This distance in¬ 
creases to the southeast, reaching about 1,640 feet at the southeast 
corner of the quadrangle. The Pennsylvania well logs show the 
Bitter Rock sand to be about 1,485 feet below the Pittsburg coal and 
the Hundred-foot shells or Stray sand to be 1,630 to 1,640 feet below 
the coal. From the interval, therefore, the Hundred-foot shells are 
more probably the equivalent of the Berea sand than the Bitter Rock. 


3496—Bull. 318-07- 


-8 



CHAPTER IV. 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF THE BURGETTSTOWN 

QUADRANGLE. 

HANOVER TOWNSHIP, BEAVER COUNTY. 

A small part of Beaver County is represented in the Burgettstown 
quadrangle by a strip of land 1^ miles wide along the western half 
of the north edge. The surface of the quadrangle is almost entirely 
composed of the Conemaugh formation. 

Rocks above the Ames limestone .—The Pittsburg coal occurs in 
the ridge along the south edge of Hanover Township, at Frankfort, 
and in the hills a mile north and west of that village. The limestone 
below the Pittsburg coal extends to the ridges beyond the last out¬ 
crop of the coal. The upper portion of the Conemaugh is a sandy 
shale that merges downward into a massive sandstone 30 to 40 feet 
thick, the base of which is just above the Ames limestone, and in some 
places has entirely replaced this valuable marking stratum. 

Ames limestone .—At Murdocksville and along Raccoon Creek to 
the north the Ames limestone is well developed and can be easily 
followed to the north edge of the quadrangle. In this vicinity the 
Lower Ames coal is 14 feet thick and lies directly under the lime- 
stone. A heavy bed of the Ames limestone shows in the main run 
below Frankfort Springs and again in the run in the northwest 
corner of the quadrangle. 

Subsurface stratigraphy .—Very little reliable information was ob¬ 
tained with reference to the conditions below the surface in this town¬ 
ship. Along the east end oil is obtained from the Hundred-foot sand 
and northwest of this pool is a gas field in the same sand. It is 
very doubtful if the Hundred-foot sand continues much farther west 
than this field. 

HANOVER TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Hanover is the northwesternmost township of Washington County. 
It includes the area west of Raccoon Creek to the north of Smith and 
Jefferson townships and extends beyond the limits of the quadrangle 
to the west boundary of Pennsylvania. Most of the surface of the 
township is composed of the Conemaugh formation, though the high 
hills in all parts include the lower beds of the Mononmahela 
114 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 115 


Pittsburg coal. —In that portion of the township south of the ridge 
road from Florence westward to Paris the Pittsburg coal is a hun¬ 
dred feet or more below the tops of the higher knobs. In the valleys 
the coal outcrops not far from the ridge road, but, owing to the 
steep dip of the formations to the southeast, it remains under cover 
the whole length of the ridges to the south and east. Northwest of 
this ridge road the Pittsburg coal occurs only in the higher hills, 
except in the vicinity of Five Points and farther east. In this area 
a structural basin carries the coal a hundred feet or more below the 
summits of the hills. East of the Florence-Frankfort road the Pitts-, 
burg coal is overlain by shale and a bed of limestone. Twenty feet 
above the main coal bed is the Rider coal, which is fully 2 feet in 
thickness. West of this road the conditions above the Pittsburg coal 
are entirely different, the coal being overlain bv the Pittsburg sand- 
stone, which is from 20 to 30 feet thick. Only a few hills within the 
township are high enough above the Pittsburg coal to show any 
distinctive marking strata. These hills are along the Florence ridge. 


The knob west of Florence reaches well into the Benwood limestone, 
and the knobs 1 mile and 2 miles east of Florence are capped by the 
slabbv white Dinsmore beds of the lower part of the Benwood. 

Rocks between the Pittsburg coal and Ames limestone. —The Pitts¬ 
burg limestone is everywhere present below the coal, at a distance of 
7 to 20 feet. Below the limestone is a sandy shale, extending about 
180 feet below the coal. At this point a massive sandstone appears, 
which reaches close to the position of the Ames limestone and locally 
replaces it. In the shale 100 feet below the Pittsburg coal is the 
Bavington coal, which is present in a limited area southwest of 
Frankfort. It is thick enough to be of commercial value and is 
opened for mining. 

Ames limestone. —The Ames limestone outcrops along Raccoon 
Creek, from Murdocksville to the mouth of Brush Run, also on Aunt 
Clara Fork of Kings Creek. The easternmost outcrop on the latter 
stream is about 14 miles from the west edge of the quadrangle, near 
a small shop. At this point the limestone is directly under a massive 
sandstone, by which it appears to have been partially replaced. 
Lower down the creek, near the edge of the quadrangle, the limestone 
has its normal thickness of about 2 feet. Kings Creek cuts deep 
enough into the Conemaugh formation to reach the Ames limestone, 
but it was not located on that stream. A small coal outcrops not far 
from the road level along the creek for a distance of more than 2 
miles from the edge of the quadrangle. This coal is probably the 
Lower Ames coal, as it is about 240 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 

No comparison of elevation was made to determine the intervals 
between beds in this township. The structure of the rocks was deter¬ 
mined entirely from elevations on the Pittsburg coal. 


116 OIL AND gas; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 
FINDLEY AND NORTH FAYETTE TOWNSHIPS, ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 

Parts of the townships of Findley and North Fayette, of Alle¬ 
gheny County, are included in the northeast corner of the Burgetts- 
town quadrangle. The surface of these townships is about equally 
divided between the lower half of the Monongahela formation and 
the upper half of the Conemaugh. 

Monongahela formation .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops in all parts 
of North Fayette Township and throughout Findley Township, 
except for a distance of 2 miles on the west edge. The coal maintains 
a thickness of about 5 feet. The upper division and the Rider coal 
are absent throughout most of the area of these townships. In North 
Fayette and the southeast corner of Findley the Monongahela forma¬ 
tion is thick enough to bring the different beds of the Benwood lime¬ 
stone to view on the higher ridges. Both the Dinsmore and Bulger 
limestones are prominent in the ridge to the south of Santiago and in 
the top of the knobs 2 miles northwest of that town. 

Conemaugh formation .—The Pittsburg limestone is present at T to 
20 feet under the coal. In a few localities a limestone bed was noted 
at an interval of about 120 feet below the Pittsburg. The streams do 
not cut deep enough into the Conemaugh formation to reach the hori¬ 
zon of the Ames limestone, except in Potato Garden Run, a mile and 
a half from the west edge of Finley Township. Here the Ames lime¬ 
stone appears in outcrop, and may be followed down the creek to the 
township line. 

Subsurface rocks. —Little information was procured with reference 
to subsurface conditions. A number of wells have been drilled in 
these townships, but the records of only a few could be obtained. 

ROBINSON TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Robinson Township is the northeasternmost township of Washing¬ 
ton County. The surface is about equally divided between the 
Monongahela and the Conemaugh formations. 

Pittsburg coal .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops throughout the town¬ 
ship, except in the northwest corner. An exposure of this coal can 
be found on nearly all the roads and ridges. It was the only stratum 
used for determining the structure within its area of outcrop. The 
Redstone coal shows as a small blossom in the central portion of the 
township. In the southeast corner of the township the formations dip 
so that the Sewickley coal -and some of the beds of the Benwood lime¬ 
stone show in the higher hills. Measurement of the distances of these 
strata above the Pittsburg coal was made at one point only. This was 
1 mile east of Candor, and the measurement showed the Sewickley 
coal to be 97 feet and the Bulger limestone 169 feet above the base of 
the Pittsburg coal. 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 117 


Conemaugh formation .—The Pittsburg limestone is present through¬ 
out the township, about 18 feet below the coal. In some localities a 
second limestone bed occurs at 45 to 50 feet below the coal. The 
streams do not cut deep enough into the Conemaugh formation to 
bring any other distinctive member to view, except in the-northwest 
corner of the township. Here Raccoon Creek cuts through the Ames 
limestone, which is 2 feet thick and well filled with fossils. It can be 
easily followed up the creek for a distance of a little more than a mile, 
to the point where it goes under cover. The Ames coal lies directly 
below the limestone and is from 1 to 1^ feet thick. 

Subsurface stratigraphy .—Most wells in the township show a coal 
from 615 to 660 feet below the Pittsburg coal. The records are indefi¬ 
nite regarding the positions of the Salt, Big Injun, and Bitter Rock 
sands. This is owing probably to careless measurement in taking the 
records. The Salt sand is reported at 812 to 986 feet, the Big Injun 
at 1,007 to 1,237 feet, and the Bitter Rock at about 1,500 feet below the 
Pittsburg coal. The distance of the Hundred-foot sand below the 
coal is 1,850 feet in the northwest end of the township, increasing to 
1,935 feet in the southeast. The top of the “ red rock v averages 103 
feet above the Hundred-foot sand. The Thirty-foot sand averages 
117 feet below the Hundred-foot sand, the Gordon 207 feet below, and 
the Fourth 273 feet below. A large number of wells show an average 
distance of 122 feet between the Gordon and the Fifth sands, making 
the latter 329 feet below the Hundred-foot sand. 

SMITH TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Smith Township is located in the central portion of the quadrangle 
and contains the town of Burgettstown, from which the quadrangle 
derives its name. The surface of the township is composed mostly 
of the Monongahela formation. Below this a section of nearly 200 
feet of the Conemaugh formation is exposed in the valley of Raccoon 
Creek, north of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis 
Railway. South of the railroad very little of the Conemaugh ap¬ 
pears. The rocks dip steeply to the south, so that the hills on both 
sides of Burgetts Fork reach above the upper limit of the Mononga¬ 
hela formation, and some hills show nearly a full section of the Wash¬ 
ington formation. In the northwest corner the Pittsburg coal is at 

o 

an elevation of 1,167 feet above tide and in Cross Creek basin at an 
elevation of 768 feet, making a total descent of 400 feet. 

Washington formation .—The hills between Cherry Valley and Bur¬ 
getts Fork and those west of Burgetts Fork reach well into the 
Washington formation. The Waynesburg “A” and “ B ” coals out¬ 
crop on the roads leading from Burgetts Fork. Above these small 
coals is the heavy blossom of the Washington coal, with the Lower 
Washington limestone above. On the central ridge the Washington 


118 - OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


coal reaches as far north as the Burgettstown oil field and on the 
ridge west of Burgetts Fork it extends half a mile north of Quakers 
Knob. Owing to the relatively steep dip of the formations in the 
southern part of the township the conditions are unfavorable for 
making reliable measurements of intervals by comparisons of eleva¬ 
tion of outcrops. A comparison of the elevation of the three out¬ 
crops of Washington coal in the Burgettstown oil field with the 
elevation of the Pittsburg coal, as determined by the records of wells 
near each outcrop, gave the following results: 


Distance between top of Washington coal and base of Pittsburg 

Burgettstown oil field. 

Outcrop near William Russell well No. 1)_^_ 

Outcrop near William Russell well No. 5-1- 

Outcrop near William Russell well-No. 2__— 


Average 


coal in 


Feet. 

362 

366 

365 


364 


Waynesburg coal. —At the crossroads on the Jefferson Township 
line, south of Dinsmore, is the best outcrop of the Waynesburg coal 
in the township. It has a thickness of over 2 feet. East of this 
point the coal is thinner and somewhat difficult to identify. East of 
Burgettstown it is near the summit of the hill. At the center of 
the Ci 'oss Creek basin it is at about the level of the vallev road. From 
this point it rises to the southeast, keeping in about the same relation 
to the water level of the creek. 

Uniontown coal—The Uniontown coal has a thickness of about 8 
inches in this township. It was identified on the roads from Cherry 
Valley to Burgetts Fork and west of this fork. 

Benwood limestone .—The Ben wood limestone is well developed 
throughout Smith Township. The hills in the northwestern por¬ 
tion of the township are mostly capped with the Dinsmore ledges 
of limestone. In the northeastern portion all of the hills carry the 
Dinsmore and Bulger beds, and some of the higher hills reach to 
those of the upper part of the Benwood. South of the railroad the 
upper beds of the Benwood limestone remain above water level in 
Cherry Valley to the eastern boundary of the township. Up Bur¬ 
getts Fork the beds of limestone dip steeply, going under cover within 
2 miles of Burgettstown. 

Sewickley coal .—The Sewickley coal, which lies at the bottom of 
the Benwood limestone, is only about 8 inches thick in this town¬ 
ship. By searching, it can be located on nearly all roads. It is 
valuable only as a guide to geologic location. 

Redstone coal. —The Redstone coal is represented here by a thin 
layer of black shale above a bed of easily disintegrated lime¬ 
stone. The distance of this coal above the bottom of the Pittsburg 







DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 119 


bed was determined by the comparison of elevations at the following 
places : 

Distance between top of Redstone coal and base of Pittsburg coal. Smith 

Township, Pennsylvania. Page. 

West of Burgettstown_,_ 70 

Crossroads north of Bulger_ 00 

South of Raccoon station_I_ 72 

Average_ 07 

Rider coal .—In the northwestern portion of the township the 

Rider coal is a distinct bed from 1 to 2 feet thick, lying fully 20 
feet above the top of the main Pittsburg coal bed. Near the railroad 
the Rider apparently forms the upper bench of the Pittsburg coal, 
being a succession of thin bands of coal interspersed with clay and 
shale. 

Pittsburg coal .—On the north side of the railroad the Pittsburg 
coal outcrops on the hillsides. It is opened for mining in many 
places and can be followed with ease. South of the railroad it rapidly 
sinks under cover. The last outcrop in Cherry Valley is about 1 
mile from Raccoon station, and the last on Burgetts Fork at the south 
end of Burgettstown. 

Intervals .—The measurements obtained for determining the inter- 
vals between the base of the Pittsburg coal and the different mark¬ 
ing strata of the Monongahela formation are shown in the subjoined 
table. Most of the comparisons of elevation were made to determine 
the distance of the Bulger limestone above the Pittsburg coal. This 
distance is from 145 to 160 feet, with an average of 155 feet, the 
smaller intervals being in the A T icinitv of Bulger. 

Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of marking strata of Monon¬ 
gahela formation. Smith Township, Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Sewickley 

coal. 

Dinsmore 

limestone. 

Bulger 

limestone. 

Uniontown 

coal. 

Waynes- 

burgcoal. 

CrnscmaHu nnrth nf Rlllcpr tunnel 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

149 

Feet. 

Feet. 



120 

145 





159 



QAnth eiHp nf Riilf^pr TTill 


127 

150 



North side of Raccoon station, outcrop 
nnmnd ppH witVi T'nvlnr wpll No *2 


135 

160 



1 mile south of Raccoon station, outcrops 

99 

133 

156 



frnm Hn rernf tstnWTl t.O ffVlPrr V Vftl lPV . 

125 


204 


Cherry Valley oil field, outcrop compared 


131 

151 


Cherry Valley oil field, outcrops compared 

nf fipntt. h PIT'S wpll No. I . . 


203 


Cherry Valley oil field, outcrops compared 

TI7-I+V* rdonrrl ni Qpntt llPirS wpll No. fi 




221 

261 

Outcrop by Pittsburg and Eastern shaft 

Va 9 . 


139 

159 



92 

140 

160 



Outcrop compared with record of L. M. 


266 

2 miles south of Burgettstown, outcrop 
compared with record of John Easton 


136 




A vprn p rp .. 

95 

132 

155 

209 

264 





































































120 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Conemaugh formation. — Below Pittsburg limestone is shale with 
no distinctive marking strata for a distance of about 100 feet. At 
this horizon in the vicinity of Bavington is a coal bed of variable 
thickness to which the name Bavington coal has been given. This 
lies in shale and varies abruptly in thickness from a knife-edge to 
5 or 6 feet. At an outcrop near the iron bridge over Raccoon Creek, 
on the valley road from Burgettstown to Bavington, it has a thick¬ 
ness of 26 inches. On the east side of Martha McBride’s farm at 
Bavington this coal has a thickness of more than 5 feet and is 
opened for mining. The same coal shows in outcrop in the run west 
of Bavington and also at the head of Brush Run. The interval 
between it and the Pittsburg coal is not regular. The following 
comparisons of elevations were made: 


Distance between top of Bavington coat and base of Pittsburg coal, Smith 

Township , Pennsylvania. 


Feet. 


On Raccoon Creek south of Bavington__115 

East of Bavington_ 136 

West of Bavington _ 96 


Average- 116 


Subsurf ace stratigraphy .—The well records of the township show 
the top of the Salt sand to be somewhere between 850 and 940 feet 
below the Pittsburg coal. The Big Injun sand comes in at about 
1,050 feet below the coal and has a thickness of 230 to 290 feet. 
Below the bottom of the Big Injun is a fairly regular interval of 
540 feet to the Hundred-foot sand. In this interval is the Squaw 
sand, the Thirty-foot shells, and the “ red rock.” The top of the 
red rock is a little less’ than 100 feet above the Ilundred-foot sand. 
The top of the Thirty-foot shells is 260 to 300 feet above the Hun¬ 
dred-foot sand. 

Theie is some doubt as to whether the 1 lnrty-foot shells repre¬ 
sent the Berea sand. The distance from this bed down to the “ red 
rock ” as found in this township is nearly a hundred feet too great. 


JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Jefferson Township is situated south of Harmon Creek, on the 
western side of the quadrangle. It extends beyond the quadrangle 
boundary to the West Virginia line. The surface of the township 
is mostly in the Monongahela formation, though a section of 200 
feet of the Conemaugh formation is shown in the deeper valleys of the 
principal creeks. Because of the dip of the rocks to the southeast, 
the tops of the highest hills along the east edge of the township are 
still capped by the Washington formation. Throughout the western 
and southern parts ,of the township the Waynesburg coal underlies 
most of the higher hills. 







DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BIJ RGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 121 


1) aynesburg " A ” coal .—Along the Eldersville ridge road both 
east and west of Lee schoolhouse the Waynesburg; “ A ” coal out- 
crops 55 feet above the top of the Waynesburg coal. 

11 aynesburg coal .—Throughout most of the township the Waynes¬ 
burg coal is near the summit of the ridges. The ridge roads cross 
and recross its outcrop many times in all parts of the township. 
The coal has a thickness of over 2 feet and makes a very prominent 
blossom on the roads. It has been opened for mining at one place 
on the north side of the ridge road 3 miles east of Eldersville, but 
the bank is abandoned, partly owing to the poor quality of the coal. 
In the following table will be found results obtained by comparing 
the elevation of the top of the Waynesburg coal with the base of the 
Pittsburg coal, and also with the top of the Bulger limestone. 


Distance from base of Pittsburg coal and top of Bulger limestone to Waynes¬ 
burg coal, Jefferson Township , Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Bulger to 
Waynes¬ 
burg. 

Pittsburg 
to Waynes¬ 
burg. 

Crossroads south of Dinsmore. 

Feet. 

104 

Feet. 

273 

At Lee schoolhouse. 

270 

Outcrop near Sanky Well No. 1. 


275 

Road to west from south end of Eldersville. 


281 

At head of Scott Run. 

105 

North of Bethel Church. 

120 

280 

Outcrop near Gillespie Well No. 1. 

125 

291 


Average. . 

113 

278 



Uniontown coal , Benwood limestone , and Sewickley coal .—The 
ledges of the Benwood limestone, with the Sewickley coal below and 
the Uniontown coal above, show in all parts of the township. Neither 
the Sewickley nor the Uniontown coal is of any importance beyond 
that of a geologic marker. These coals are not over 1 foot thick, 
and they are usually represented by but a few inches of bituminous 
shale. 

The Dinsmore white limestone is especially well developed. 
There are more thick beds of limestone than usual in this part of the 
quadrangle, which makes it somewhat doubtful if the same heavy 
bed is selected each time for determining the distance to the Pitts¬ 
burg coal. 

The Bulger limestone has not the prominence and clear crystalline 
appearance here that it has in the vicinity of Bulger and throughout 
the eastern portion of the quadrangle. In Jefferson Township it is 
an earthy limestone, having the appearance of hard dark-green shale. 
It maintains it position, however, directly above 20 feet or more of 
soft green shale. The heavy blue bed near the top of the Benwood 
limestone is prominent in the vicinity of Eldersville. 






















122 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

In the following table will be found the intervals obtained by com¬ 
paring the different elevations of the two coals and the limestone 
bed with the elevation of the base of the Pittsburg coal in different 
parts of the township: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of marking strata of Monon- 
galiela formation, Jefferson Township, Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Sewickley 

coal. 

Dinsmore 

limestone. 

Bulger 

limestone. 

Blue lime¬ 
stone. 

Union town 
coal. 

On road from Hanlin to Eldersville. 

On road from Hanlin to Lee schoolhouse. 
On road from Dinsmore to Cross Creek.. 
On road from Hanlin to Pattersons Mill 
Creek 

Feet. 

105 

89 

111 

102 

Feet. 

142 

132 

132 

Feet. 

181 

170 

158 

178 

171 
163 
156 

160 

Feet. 

206 

199 

Feet. 

On road east of McCreed Run. 

On ridge east of Bethel Church. 

On ridge west of Bethel Church 

138 

142 

144 

132 

141 

208 

215 

At head of (tillospie Run 




On road from Cross Creek to Bethel 
Church 




On road southeast of MeCreed Run 



211 

Average. 





102 

138 

167 

204 

213 


Redstone coal .—The Redstone coal is present only as a thin coaly 
shale throughout the township. Its outcrop was noted on the road 
from Hanlin to Eldersville and also on the road leading north from 
the twin tunnels of the Wabash Railroad. The following intervals 
were measured: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of Redstone coal, Jefferson 

To wash ip. Pen n sylvan ia. 


Feet. 

On road from Hanlin to Eldersville_I_ 77 

On road from the twin tunnels northward.__ 60 


Average__\1_ 68 


Pittsburg coal .—On the north side of the Eldersville ridge the Pitts¬ 
burg coal outcrops at an elevation of 1,080 to 1,100 feet. The steep 
dip of the formation to the southeast reduces this elevation to about 
1,020 feet before the coal goes under cover in the side streams which 
flow northward into Harmon Creek. On McCreed Run the coal 
outcrops within less than 1 mile southwest from Eldersville and 
there goes under cover at an elevation of 1,076 feet. On Scott Run 
the highest outcrop occurs If miles south of Eldersville at an eleva¬ 
tion of 1,010 feet. Along the south edge of the township the coal 
is halfway up the hillside above Cross Creek at an elevation of about 
1,000 feet. The rocks here are nearly level, the coal going under 
cover at about the same elevation in the ravines on the north side of 
Cross Creek. Throughout the township the limestone above the 
Pittsburg coal and the Rider coal bed are absent, being replaced by 
a heavy brown sandstone (Pittsburg sandstone) whose base is only 
a foot or so above the main coal. 


















































DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 123 


Pittsburg limestone .—The Pittsburg limestone is well developed 
throughout the township. It is in two beds, each a foot or more in 
thickness, one being dark blue and the other dove color. The follow¬ 
ing intervals were determined: 


Distance between top of Pittsburg limestone and base of Pittsburg coal, Jefferson 

Townsh ip, Pennsylvan ia. 


Feet. 


On road from Hamlin Station to Eldersville_ 7 

On road from Hamlin Station to Lee schoolliouse_18 


From the Pittsburg limestone to the Ames limestone the section 
consists of shale and sandstone, with a larger percentage of shale 
than in other sections of the quadrangle. 

Ames limestone .—In the valley of Harmon Creek the Ames lime- 
stone is a bed 24 feet thick, well filled with crinoid stems. Where 
this stream leaves the quadrangle the limestone is 40 feet above the 
stream bed. From this point it can be easily followed up the creek 
to a point due north of Eldersville, where it goes under cover. Owing 
to the steep rise of the rocks to the northwest, no reliable measure¬ 
ments of the interval between the Ames limestone and the Pittsburg 
coal could be obtained. In the adjoining area of the Steubenville 
quadrangle a measurement of 219 feet was obtained for this interval, 
and this was assumed to hold for Jefferson Township. 

Internals .—By combining all the averages of the previous tables 
the following general averages are found for the different marking 
strata above and below the Pittsburg coal in Jefferson Township: 


Distance between 


marking strata and base of Pittsburg coal, Jefferson Township, 
Pennsylvania. 


Feet. 


Ames limestone to Pittsburg coal- 

Pittsburg coal to Sewickley coal- 

Pittsburg coal to Dinsmore limestone- 

Pittsburg coal to Bulger limestone- 

Pittsburg coal to top of Benwood limestone 

Pittsburg coal to Uniontown coal- 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg coal- 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg “A” coal- 


219 

102 

138 

167 

204 


213 


279 


Subsurface stratigraphy .—Throughout the northern portion of the 
township the Dunkard sand is found about 420 feet below the Pitts¬ 
burg coal. In this same area the Lower Kittanning coal, called the 
Freeport coal, is noted in all the well records at a distance of GOO 
to 640 feet below the Pittsburg coal. In the southern portion of the 
township the real Freeport coal is noted in well records at a distance 
of about 3G0 feet below the Pittsburg coal, and here the Kittanning 
coal appears to be absent, as it is not noted in the records. The top 
of the Salt sand is from 810 to 840 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 












124 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


The Big Injun sand has a thickness of about 200 feet, with the top 
averaging about 1,000 feet below the Pittsburg coal. The Squaw 
sand occurs at 1,300 to 1,330 feet below the Pittsburg coal. The 
Berea sand, or Thirty-foot shells, as it is called in the records, is 
from 1,G00 to 1,650 feet below the coal and by four measurements 
occurs from 180 to 205 feet above the Hundred-foot sand. The top 
of the “red rock v is a little less than 100 feet above the Hundred-foot 
sand, which is the producing gas sand of the township. This sand 
is from 9 to 11 feet thick, and occurs 1,780 feet below the Pittsburg 
coal in the northern part of the township and 1,846 feet below in the 
southern part. 

Few wells have been drilled below the Hundred-foot sand. In the 
G. Cunningham well (No. 822) the Thirty-foot sand was found 99 
feet below the Hundred-foot, the Gordon Stray IT 1 feet, the Gordon 
193 feet, the Fourth 255 feet, and the Fifth as shells 348 feet below 
the Hundred-foot sand. 


CROSS CREEK AND INDEPENDENCE TOWNSHIPS, WASHINGTON 

COUNTY. 


Cross Creek Township, which includes most of the drainage of 
Cross Creek, lies to the east of Jefferson, south of Smith, and west 
of Mount Pleasant townships. Only a part of Independence Town¬ 
ship is included in the Burgettstown quadrangle. This lies in the 
southwest corner, to the south of Jefferson and Cross Creek town¬ 
ships. 4 he surface of Cross Creek and Independence townships is 
composed mostly of the Monongahela and Washington formations. 

Marking strata above Washington coal .—The Lower Washington 
limestone is well developed above the Washington coal. It is the 
highest bed found in most parts of the township. At and to the 
north and east of Cross Creek village, however, the dip of the forma¬ 
tion into the Cross Creek svncline brings the Jolly town coal and the 


Upper Washington limestone down to the level of the highest hills. 

Washington coal. —The Washington coal is the principal geologic 
marker throughout the greater portion of Cross Creek Township. 
Apparently the coal is of considerable thickness, showing as a prom¬ 
inent blossom on the roads. In the vicinity of Cross Creek village 
it is halfway down to valley level east of the village and a hundred 
feet below town on the west. It is near the summit of the ridge 
between Middle Fork and North Fork of Cross Creek. Between 
Middle Fork and the north branch of South Fork it is nearly at the 
heads of the valleys. On the ridge between the two branches of 
South Fork the Washington coal is near the summit, but south of the 
South Fork it is about 100 feet below the summit of the rid<m. 

In Independence Township the Washington coal is present in all of 
the high knobs along the southern boundary of the quadrangle. 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 125 


In the following* table are given the measurements obtained by 
comparing the elevations of the different marking strata of the 
AA ashington formation above the Waynesburg coal: 


instance from top of Waynesburg coal to Waynesburg “A” and Washington coal 
beds. Cross Creek and Independence townships , Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Waynesburg 
“A” coal. 

Washington 

coal. 

Road from West Middletown station to West Middletown... 

Feet. 

Feet. 

99 

1 mile east of Wilson Mills. 

49 

1 mile north of Woodrow. 

109 

100 

106 

Near well No. 829 . 


Northeast angle of Cross Creek Township. 


Average. 



107 




Waynesburg coal .—The Waynesburg coal is from 2 to 2^ feet thick 
in most of Cross Creek Township. From its position near the summit 
of the ridges in the western part of the township it dips steeply to 
the east and is just above valley level at Wilson Mills. Here it has 
been opened for mining in a number of places. To the east of Wilson 
Mills the coal rises and shows in outcrop on all of the roads leading 
away from the valley. The outcrop of this coal is prominent near 
the twin bridges on South Fork of Cross Creek and can be followed 
along the railroad cut to the Avest. It is some distance above the 
valley floor both north and south of Woodrow and has here been 
opened for mining. North of the, north branch of South Fork of 
Cross Creek the coal is not so prominent. 

It w r as not possible to obtain much reliable information as to the 
interval between the Pittsburg coal and the Waynesburg coal in 
these toAvnships. The following table gives the few measurements 
made between the Pittsburg and Waynesburg, two of which are from 
Avell records: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and Waynesburg coat. Cross Creek and 

independence townships , Pennsylvania. 


Feet. 


Average at Pattersons Mill_268 

On road from twin tunnels to Independence_278 

In well No. 829_273 

In well No. 832_265 


Average 



Uniontown coal , Benwood limestone , and Sewickley coal .—The 
Sewickley and Uniontown coals are small and valuable only as 
markers. The coal beds and intervening limestone outcrop on the 
hillsides along Cross Creek and its branches. On the north fork of 



























126 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


the creek the upper beds of the Benwood limestone go under cover 
at the road intersection, half a mile west of the village of Cross Creek. 

The valley road from this point southward shortly reaches the 
Dinsmore beds, at which horizon it remains nearly to Pattersons 
Mill, the formation dipping at about the same rate as the fall of the 
stream. This condition also exists along the roads from the main 
valley road to the northwest. Up Middle Fork of Cross Creek the 
upper bed of the Benwood remains above water level to a point 
within 2 miles of Cross Creek village. On the main Cross Creek 
the Benwood limestone is very prominent, the lower half being 
especially w T ell developed. Many good sections of this member are 
exposed along the cuts of the Wabash Railroad and in the channel 
of Cross Creek. At the mouth of South Fork the Uniontown coal 
is 20 feet above the valley level. Up the main stream the Benwood 
sinks below surface level under the Wilson Mills syncline, but appears 
again at the east edge of Cross Creek Township; also on South Fork 
the Benwood goes entirely under cover and reappears before Mount 
Pleasant Township is reached. 

In Independence Township the Benwood limestone outcrops along 
the hillsides above Cross Creek and in the canyons of the streams 
flowing from the south. The upper beds are not so well developed in 
these areas as to the north, and in many places their identification is 
difficult. The Uniontown coal shows in good outcrop on the road 
from the twin tunnels to Independence village at the turn of the road 
near the crest of the hill. 

Pittsburg coal .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops along Cross Creek 
from Pattersons Mill and Avella to the west edge of the quadrangle. 
The coal maintains a regular thickness of 5 feet. It is overlain by 
the Pittsburg sandstone, which takes the place of the limestone above 
the Pittsburg coal and the Rider coal. 

In the following table are given the intervals obtained by compar¬ 
ing the elevation of different outcrops of the Benwood limestone and 
the Sewickley and Uniontown coals with the elevation of the Pitts¬ 
burg coal: 


Distance between base of Pittsburg coal and top of marking strata of Mononga 
beta formation, Cross Creek and Independence townships, Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Sewickley 

coal. 

Dinsmore 

limestone. 

Bulger 

limestone. 

Blue lime¬ 
stone. 

Uniontown 

coal. 

Above S< .th western Coal Co.’s mine. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

114 

149 

146 

153 

Feet. 

166 

170 

166 

173 

Feet. 

217 

Feet. 

West of ’ ryor station. 



On ride road toEldersville. 


220 

225 

At Pattersons Mill, average. 


Gillespie hill. 

104 



South of twin tunnels. 

140 



220 

Average. 

104 

148 

169 

218 

222 









































DETAILED GEOLOGY OF BURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 127 

Distance between top of Bulger limestone and top of marking strata of Monon- 
gahcla formation, Cross Creek and Independence toicnships, Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Blue 

limestone. 

Uniontown 

coal. 

Road Irom West Middleton to Pattersons Mill 

Feet. 

50 

Feet. 

57 

54 

55 

West of Pryor station .. . 

Ridge road to Eldersville . 

54 

Average. 

52 

55 



By combining the measurements given in the foregoing tables the 
following intervals are found for the different marking strata above 
the Pittsburg coal in (Voss Creek Township: 


Average distances between marking strata and base of Pittsburg coal, Cross 

Creek Township, Pennsylvania. 


Pittsburg coal to Sewickley coal_ 104 

Pittsburg coal to Dinsiuore limestone_ 44 $ 

Pittsburg coal to top of Benwood limestone_220 

Pittsburg coal to Uniontown coal_ 22.3 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg coal_271 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg “A” coal_ 320 

Pittsburg coal to Washington coal_ 378 


MOUNT PLEASANT TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Mount Pleasant Township lies southeast of Smith and Cross Creek 
and northwest of Chartiers townships. It occupies most of the 
southeastern quarter of the quadrangle. 

II ashington formation .—Through the central and southwestern 
parts of the township the larger portion of the surface is composed 
of the Washington formation. The Waynesburg “ B ” coal is espe¬ 
cially prominent near Hickory and along the ridge road to the east, 
also in the vicinity of Miller Run, The Washington coal outcrops 
at Prospect Church, west of Hickory, and thence southward through 
all the higher hills on the western side of the township, along the 
ridge leading to Cross Creek village, at Rankin schoolhouse, and 
farther east, through the higher hills. The coal makes on all roads 
a heavy blossom that is easily distinguished by its size and mealy 
appearance. The high ridge between the waters of Chartiers Creek 
and Cross Creek reaches through the Washington formation, the 
Upper Washington limestone showing near the summit. 



























128 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Iii the following table are given the measurements obtained by com¬ 
paring the elevations of different marking strata of the Washington 
formation with the elevation of the top of the Waynesburg coal: 

Distance between top of Waynesburg coal and top of marking strata of Wash¬ 
ington formation , Mount Pleasant Township. Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Waynesburg 
“A” coal. 

Waynesburg 
“ B ” coal. 

---- 

Washington 

coal. 

YVoct r»f Pnnlrin QpVmnlhniiSP . 

Feet. 

Feet. 

56 

Feet. 

117 

115 

103 

105 






An q 1 f mil a cnnth nf Prnsr>ppt. P,hnrph 




35 

48 

61 





95 


39 



55 

61 


Zl 111 11CO CclO 1/ OI 111L 1VU1 J V V/A <4^, \J \J 4 — Hi VC40VA1 4/lii ■••.«... 





116 

A vprn.p'f* . 



37 

56 

>—i 

O 

QO 



Monongaliela formation .—The Pittsburg coal outcrops along the 
northeast edge of the township, on the south side of Robinson Run, at 
Primrose, also along Westland Run at the south edge of the town¬ 
ship. An outcrop of the Redstone coal was found on the road from 
Westland to Hickory, but in general this coal is not prominent. The 
Sewickley coal bed makes a very small blossom on the roads leading 
to the ridges from Chartiers Creek and Westland Run. By far the 
best marking stratum for geologic purposes throughout the town¬ 
ship is the Bulger member of the Benwood limestone. This bed is a 
pure crystalline limestone, from 1 to 2 feet thick. It is prominent 
about halfway up the hills above Westland, also in the hills south of 
Robinson Run. The Bulger limestone remains above water level nearly 
to the headwaters of Chartiers Creek and all its branches. The 
east-west structural trough, which passes through the middle of the 
township, lowers the formation, so that all of the Benwood limestone 
is below valley level in the vicinity of Rankin schoolhouse and also 
east and west from that point. The Uniontown coal amounts to little 
or nothing in this township. The Waynesburg coal is from 1 to H 
feet thick south of Primrose and through the middle of the township, 
but in the southeastern part it is only a few inches thick and hard to 
find. On the headwaters of Cherry Run and Burgetts Fork this 
coal is a short distance above valley level and is a good geologic guide. 

The conditions are not good for determining by the direct com¬ 
parison of outcrops the distances of the different marking strata of 
the Monongaliela formation above the Pittsburg coal. The best 
measurements were obtained by comparing the elevations of out¬ 
crops of the various strata with elevations of the Pittsburg coal as 
determined by mine survey and from the reliable records of wells. 

































DETAILED GEOLOGY OF 


RURGETTSTt )WN QUADRANGLE. 


121) 


I he following table shows 
parts of the township: 


the measurements obtained 


in different 


Distances between base of Pittsburg coal and top of marking strata of Monon- 
gahela formation, Mount Pleasant Township . Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Dinsmore Bulger 

limestone, limestone. 

Waynesburg 

coal. 

South of Primrose, outcrops compared with mine levels of coal. 
South of Primrose, outcrops compared with mine levels of coal . 
North of Miller Run, outcrop compared with record of J. Scott 
well No. 5. 

Feet. 

136 

145 

Feet. 

159 

162 

161 

Feet. 

260 


On Burgetts Fork, outcrop compared with record of Lyle well 
No.l. 


275 

264 

On Burgetts Fork, outcrop compared with record of D C 
Miller well No. 1. 



1 mile southwest of Hickory, outcrop compared with record 
ot J. M. K. Donaldson well. 


173 

1 mile west of Hickory, outcrop compared with record of 
George Kimmond well. 


275 

273 

1 mile north of Westland, 2 outcrops compared with record of 
Parkinson well. 


168 

1 Aft 

1 mile southwest of Hickory, outcrop compared with coal test 
well. 


2 miles southwest of Woodrow, outcrop compared with record 
of Walker well No. 1. 


273 

Average. 



140 

165 

270 



By combining the measurements given in the foregoing table the 
following average measurements are established for the various mark¬ 
ing strata above the Pittsburg coal in Mount Pleasant Township: 


Average distance between marking strata and base of Pittsburg coal, Mount 

Pleasant Township, Pennsylvania. 


Feet. 

Pittsburg coal to Dinsmore limestone_140 

Pittsburg coal to Bulger limestone_ 165 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg coal_ 270 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg “ A ” coal_307 

Pittsburg coal to Waynesburg “ B ” coal_326 

Pittsburg coal to Washington coal_ 378 


Subsurface stratigraphy .—The information obtained regarding 
conditions below the surface is shown in the following tables, which 
are compiled from well records: 

Distance from base of Pittsburg coal to subsurface coals and sands, Mount 

Pleasant Township, Pennsylvania. 


Well 

No. 


630 

649 

661 

612 

633 

796 

657 

702 


Farm. 

Eleva¬ 
tion of 
Pittsburg 
coal. 

Distance to— 

Coals. 

Salt sand. 

Big Injun sand. 

Hundred- 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Top. 

Bottom. 

foot sand. 

D. C. Miller. 

Joseph Lvle. 

Parkinson . 

Feet. 

885 
895 
1,015 
980 
1,005 
863 
920 
' 865 

Feet. 

668 

660 

517-637 

Feet. 

873 

934 

Feet. 

992 

Feet. 

1,083 

1,038 

1,116 

1,060 

Feet. 
1,218 
1,216 
1,222 
1,264 

Feet. 
1,747 
1,750 
1,760 
1,793 
1,800 
1,802 
1,810 
1,825 

James V. Rea. 

Mrs John Gowden. 

918 

863 

960 

1,008 

Rankin heirs. 

MpOnipan _ . 


1,035 

1,107 

1,287 

Krackemer. 

675 

775 


980 

1,280 


3496—Bull. 318—07-9 





















































































130 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Distance from top of Hundred-foot sand to “ red rock" and 

Mount Pleasant Township, Pennsylvania. 


various oil sands, 


Well 

No. 

Farm. 

Berea 

(above). 

“ Red 
rock ” 
(above). 

Thirty- 
foot (be¬ 
low). 

Gordon 

(below). 

Fourth 

(below)- 

Fifth 

(below). 

Go0 

649 

661 

612 

AQQ 


Feet. 

204 

Feet. 

80 

Feet. 

100 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

419 


216 

106 

101 


320 

430 


233 

152 

121 

225 





223 

271 

332 




193 

263 

303 

Doo 

796 

702 





195 


328 


195 



188 



Krackemer No. 2. 



211 





212 

93 

107 

205 




AV . 






The first of these tables shows a good deal of doubt as to the exact 
position of the top of the Salt sand and also of the Big Injun. The 
bottom of the Big Injun is more regular in position, being from 015 
to 545 feet above the Hundred-foot sand, the average being 532 feet. 
The second table, which gives the positions of various oil sands above 
and below the Ilundred-foot sand, shows the Berea to average 212 
feet above, the Thirty-foot 107 feet below, and the Gordon 205 feet 
below. 

CHARTIERS TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 


Only a small portion of Chartiers Township is included in the 
Burgettstown quadrangle. This portion is in the southeast corner 
and is bordered on the north and west by Mount Pleasant I ownship. 

Members of the Washington formation. —The Waynesburg fcC A” 
coal shows as a good blossom fully as prominent as the Waynesburg 
bed. The Waynesburg “ B ” coal was identified by the limestone bed 
above it. 

Members of M onongahela formation. —The Pittsburg coal out¬ 


crops in the Chartiers Creek valley to a point half a mile above the 
junction of Westland Run. It continues in outcrop up Westland 
Run bevond the boundary of the township. The Redstone and 
Sewicklev coals both show as blossoms of 8 or 10 inches in thickness. 
They are easily found on the roads leading to the north and south 
from Chartiers Creek. The lower half of the Benwood limestone is 
well developed and prominent. Both the Dinsmore and Bulger lime¬ 
stones are prominent on all roads, the Bulger being resistant enough 
to form a terrace on the hillsides. The heavy blue bed near the 
top of the Benwood is also very thick and prominent. The Union- 
town and Waynesburg coals show only as blossoms a few inches thick 
and are hard to identify. 


Intervals. —In the small portion of Chartiers Township within the 
quadrangle the formations have so much dip that no good measure¬ 
ment of intervals could be made by comparing the elevation of 



















































DETAILED GEOLOGY OF EURGETTSTOWN QUADRANGLE. 131 

diffeient outcrops. It was therefore necessary to compare the eleva¬ 
tions of outcrops with the elevation of the Pittsburg coal in wells 
chilled neai the outcrop. Ihe following table gives the information 
obtained in this way: 

Distance betiveen base of Pittsburg coal and marking strata of Monongahela 
formation, Chartiers Township, Pennsylvania. 


Locality. 

Dinsmore 

limestone. 

Bulger 

limestone; 

Waynesburg 

coal. 

South side of creek at Menden. 

Feet. 

128 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Near Mount Pleasant Township line, outcrop compared with 
record of T. M. Paxton well No. 2... 

160 

183 

167 

182 

178 


East border of quadrangle, outcrop compared with record of S. 
Griffith well No. 1. 



1 mile northeast of Westland, outcrop compared w 7 ith record of 
Robert Cowden well No. 4. 



1 mile northeast of Westland, outcrop compared with record of 
Robert Cow 7 den well No. 2. 



Southeast corner of quadrangle, outcrops on road over hill to 
w 7 est.. 

134 

288 

Average. 

131 

174 




































CHAPTER V. 


WELL LOGS USED IN MAKING THE BURGETTSTOWN CON¬ 
VERGENCE SHEET. 

Wells Nos. 182 and 205.— These wells are described on pages 108- 
109, with reference to the convergence sheet of the Steubenville quad¬ 
rangle. The distance from the Pittsburg coal to the Hundred-foot 
sand in these two wells has been assumed to be the distance from the 
Pittsburg coal to the Berea sand plus 190 feet. 

Well No. 179. —This well is on the Andrew Stevenson farm. Its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,114 feet above the sea and about 100 
feet below the Pittsburg coal. A sand was found at a depth of 
1,828 feet below the surface, or 1,928 feet below the Pittsburg coal. 
This distance is believed to be too large for the interval between the 
Pittsburg coal and the Hundred-foot sand, but corresponds closely 
with the correct distance to the Gordon sand. Five hundred feet 
was therefore taken from the measurement, making the distance 
from the Pittsburg coal to the Hundred-foot sand at this point 1,428 
feet. 

Five Points and Florence oil fields. —In these fields the con¬ 
vergence sheet was not made from records of particular wells. The 
actual position of the sand was plotted from a number of well 
records and elevations of the mouths of the wells, and from this the 
approximate distance of outcrops of the Pittsburg coal above the 
sand was obtained. 

Well No. 210.— This well is on the Peterson farm and is owned 
by the Lawrence Gas Company. The elevation of the mouth of the 
well is 1,189 feet above the sea. The Pittsburg coal outcrops near by 
at an elevation of 1,194 feet, or 5 feet above the mouth of the well. 


Log of Peterson irell (No. 2JO). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

Feet. 

14 



630 


860 

930 


1,000 

1,280 


1,360 


1,520 



1,736 



1,836 

1,848 


1,876 


132 

































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 133 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,836 feet plus 5 feet, or 1,841 feet. 
Other wells in close proximity give about the same result. 

Well No. HJf .—This well is on the farm of Samuel Witherspoon. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,148 feet above the sea. No positive 
data were obtained on the Pittsburg coal close to the well, but the 
limestone below the Pittsburg coal was found at an elevation that 
would bring the coal 23 feet below the mouth of the well. 

• Log of Samuel Witherspoon veil (No. 11)). 


• 

Top. 

Bottom. 

firm rlnr* for . 

Feet. 

16 
610 
855 
1,030 
1,418 
1,780 
1,881 

Feet. 

1 Pit.tRhnr^ . 





1,340 





1,900 

2,039 





The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,881 feet minus 23 feet, or 1,858 feet. 

Well No. 192 .—This well is on the farm of Thomas Cole, and its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,088 feet. The Pittsburg coal outcrops 
northwest of the well at an elevation of 1,152 feet, which is equivalent 
to about 1,150 feet at the well, or 62 feet above the mouth. 


Log of Thomas Cole iccll (No. 192). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

540 

Feet. 

545 


635 

640 


1,798 

1,808 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,798 feet plus 62 feet, or 1,860 feet. 
The elevations of wells Nos. 190 and 191, near No. 192, were obtained, 
but no records were procured. 

Well No. 180 .—This well is on the farm of James McNary. The 
elevation of its mouth is 1,042 feet. The Pittsburg coal at the well 
lies at an elevation of 1,062 feet, or 20 feet above the mouth. The 


Hundred-foot sand was struck at a depth of 1,862 feet, with a thick¬ 
ness of 21 feet; it contained oil at 1,865 feet. The distance between 
the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg coal at this point is there¬ 
fore 1,862 feet plus 20 feet, or 1,882 feet. The James Osbourne well, 

























































134 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

a short distance to the west, shows the interval to be 24 feet less. 
The McNary well record was used owing 1 to the better determination 
of the elevation of the coal. 

Wells Nos. 811 , 819, 816 , 820 , and 823 .—The records of these wells, 
which were used in the convergence sheet of the Burgettstown quad¬ 
rangle, have been given in the discussion of the correlation of the 
Berea oil sand with the sands of Pennsylvania on page 109. 

Well No. 813 .—This well is on the farm of J. 8. McCorkle, and its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1.040 feet. No good outcrop was found 
close to the well. The position of the Pittsburg coal as noted in the 
well record was accepted. 

Log of J. S. McCorkle ivell (No. 813). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Conductor. 

Feet. 

10 

70 

510 

700 

875 

1,070 

1,855 

Feet. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

75 

Sand, Dunkard. 

Coal. 


Sandstone. 


Sand, Big Injun. 


Sand, Hundred-foot... 

1,865 

1,888 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,855 feet minus 75 feet, or 1,780 feet. 

Well No. 800 .—This well is on the farm of J. 8. Hays, the eleva- 
tion of its mouth being 1,125 feet. The Pittsburg coal is noted in the 
record at a depth of 95 to 103 feet, which agrees with outcrops in the 
vicinity of the well. 


Log of J. 8. Hags well (No. 800). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

95 

975 

1,195 

1,970 

Feet. 

103 

Sand, Salt. 

Sand, Squaw. 

1,520 
1,984 
2,019 

Sand, Hundred-foot (gas at 1,971 feet). 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore. 1,970 feet minus 103 feet, or 1,867 
feet. 

Well No. 806 .—This well is on the Sankey farm. The elevation 
of its mouth is 1,365 feet. The Waynesburg “ B ” coal outcrops 
near the well at an elevation of 1,343 feet. This shows the well 
record of coal to be correct. 

















































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 


135 


Log of Sanlcey well (Vo. 806). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Conductor. 

Feet. 

18 
350 
950 
1,185 
1,305 
2,138 

Feet. 

Coal, Pittsburg.. 

355 

Coal, Freeport. 

Sand, Salt*. 


Limestone, top Big Injun sand. 


Sand, Hundred-loot..'.. 

2,152 
2,183 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,138 feet minus 355 feet, or 1,783 feet. 

T Veil No. 826 .—This well is on the farm of L. E. Stewart. Its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,207 feet. Xo outcrops of recognizable 
horizon were found close to the well. The recorded distance to the 
third Pittsburg coal has been accepted as correct. 


Log of L. E. Stewart ivell (Vo. 826). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Wood eonduetor . 

Feet. 

12 
228 
210 
250 
906 
1,052 
1,530 
2,036 
2,416 

Feet. 

Fna.1 First. Pitt.shnrp' . 


rinal Sppon <i Pittshiirtr . 


Coal Third Pittsburg ._._ 

255 

Clna 1 Frppnort ....... 

Qanr] Salt (Hrppk at I 125 - - .-. 


Sanrl Hittor hnch . .... 


Sand TTnnd red -foot . 

2,043 

Sand Fifth . ..... 

Total dpnth . 

2,510 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,036 feet minus 255 feet, or 1,781 feet. 

Well No. 803 .—This well is on the farm of John Studa, its mouth 
being at an elevation of 1,028 feet. The position of the coal as noted 
in the well record is accepted. 

Log of John Studa well (Vo. 803). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

65 

Feet. 

70 


870 

955 

OtlllLl, Ocxl t ( VV tllCl at u ... 

1,050 

,075 


1,235 

1,295 


1,385 

1,425 


1,760 

1,810 


1,810 

1,825 


1,825 

1,865 


1,865 

1,874 


1,874 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,865 feet minus 70 feet, or 1,795 feet. 








































































136 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 82Jf .—This well is on the Pressley Leech farm near Pat¬ 
tersons Mill, at an elevation of 935 feet. The Pittsburg coal out¬ 
crops near by at an elevation of 940 feet, or 5 feet above the month 
of the well. 

Log of Pressley Leech icell (No. 824). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Wood conductor. 

Feet. 

16 

820 

1,048 

1,100 

1,338 

1,825 

Feet. 

Sand, Salt. 


Limestone. 


Sand, Big Ini tin. 


Water in Squaw sand. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. > 

1,829 

1,941 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 

c“5 

coal at this point is therefore 1,825 feet plus 5 feet, or 1,830 feet. 

Well A 7 o. 847 '.— r l his well is on the Buchanan farm. The elevation 
of its mouth is 1,050 feet. From outcrops of the Waynesburg and 
Washington coals in this vicinity the Pittsburg coal should be 260 feet 
below the mouth of the well. This does not agree with the record bv 
18 feet, but is accepted as a more reliable determination. 

Log of Buchanan well (No. 827). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal. 

Red rock. 

Feet. 

278 
450 
617 
675 
686 
715 
913 
1,627 
1,910 
2,000 
2,090 
2,260 
2,492 
2,825 
3,055 
3,600 
3, 750 
3,960 
4,010 
4,160 
4,303 

Feet. 

Sand, brown. 

Limestone, gray. 


Sand, First. . 


Sand, Second. . 

Sand. 

Sand. . 

Red rock. . 


Sand (gas). . 

Sand (gas and little oil). 

Red rock. . 

Sand, brown. . 


Sand (oil). . 

Sand. . 

Red rock. . 


Soapstone. . . 

Sand. . 

Sand, Bradford. . 





cr 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsbur 
coal at this point is therefore 2,090 feet less 2G0 feet, or 1,830 feet. 

Well No. 657. This well is on the McGuigan farm. The elevation 
of its mouth is 1,145 feet. It is known as the “ great McGuigan gas 
well.” From outcrops of the Waynesburg coal in the. vicinity the 
Pittsburg coal should be 225 feet below the mouth of the well. 

























































































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 137 

Log of McGuigan icell (No. 657). 


Top. 

--- 

Bottom. 

Coal. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Coal. . 

loU 

lot) 

Red rock. . 

6O0 

470 

dUU 

Sand. . 

730 


Sand, Second. 

762 

802 

Sand. . 

090 



982 

qqq 


Sand, Third. 

1 HOC 

Sand, Fourth. 

1 100 

1, UZo 

i i 

Sand, Fifth. 

1 9AA 


Break of slate. 

1 9^0 

1, t)UU 
1 

Sand. 

1 *V7Q 

1 aQQ 

Sand. 

1 ft^O 

1 , *loo 

Red rock. 

1, OOU 

1 

-L, oOO 

Soapstone. 

1,995 

9 025 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 

9 040 

Sand, Gordon (gas). 

2,245 


— 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,035 feet less 225 feet, or 1,810 feet, 

11 ell A o. 612 .— 1 his well is on the farm of J. V. Rea, and the ele¬ 
vation of its mouth is 1,032 feet. The base of the Pittsburg coal is 
55 feet below the mouth of the well. 


Log of J. U. Rea well (No. 612). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

50 

1,060 
1,326 
1,752 
1,860 
1,900 
2,087 
2,130 
2,192 
2,224£ 

Sand, Salt (water at 1,050 feet). 

970 
1,112 
1,693 
1,845 
1,864 
2,068 
2,116 
2,177 

Sand, Big Injun (little gas at 1,205 feet). 

Sand, Thirty-foot. 

Sand, Gantz (Hundred-foot). 

Sand, Fiftv-foot. 

Sand, Gordon (gas at 2,078 feet). 

Sand, Fourth. 

Sand, Fifth (gas at 2,188 feet). 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,845 feet less 55 feet, or 1,795 feet. 

Well No. 661 .—This well is on the Parkinson farm. Its mouth 
is at an elevation of 1,228 feet. The position of the Pittsburg coal 
as given in the well record agrees with the position as determined by 
outcrops of the Bulger limestone near the well. 


Log of Parkinson well (No. 661). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Limestone, gray. 

Feet. 

30 

Feet. 

37 

Shale. 

37 

75 

Limestone and slate .. . 

75 

90 

Sand. 

90 

100 

Limestone. 

100 

130 


130 

145 

Sand . 

145 

160 

Coal, Pittsburg, and black slate. 

160 

185 

185 

215 























































































138 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


» 


Log of Parkinson well (No. 661) — Continued. 


Limestone and slate. 

Slate . 

Sand. . 

Shale.. 

Sand and limestone. 

Shale. 

Sand. 

Coal. 

Slate. 

Sand. 

Slate .. . 

Sand (trace of coal)... 

Slate . 

Sand. 

Slate. 

Sand. 

Shale (trace of coal at bottom). 

Sand.'. 

Shale. 

Sand. 

Slate.... 

Limestone, Big lime... 

Sand, Keener. 

Slate.. 

Sand, white, Big Injun. 

■ Slate . 

Sand (layers of slate). 

Shale. 

Sand. 

Shale. 

Sand (trace of limestone). 

Shale. 

Sand, Bitter Rock. 

Shale. 

Sand, Berea, hard, trace of limestone 


Shale. 

Shale, red. 

Sand, Hundred-foot 

Shale. 

Sand, Gordon. 


*- 


Top. 


Bottom. 


Feet. 
215 
285 
815 
430 
645 
665 
715 
730 
735 
827 
840 
850 
860 
960 
970 
990 
1,005 
1,131 
1,155 
1,218 
1,250 
1,260 
1,302 
1,312 
1,329 
1,435 
1,441 
1,468 
1,495 
1,502 
1,555 
1,580 
1,740 
1,750 
1,835 
1,848 
1,910 
1,973 
2, 015 
2,198 


Feet. 
285 
315 
430 
645 
665 
715 
730 
735 
827 
840 
850 
860 
960 
970 
990 
1,005 
1,131 
1,155 
1,218 
1,250 
1,260 
1,302 
1,312 
1,329 
1,435 
1,441 
1,468 
1,495 
1,502 
1,555 
1,580 
1,740 
1,750 
1,835 
1,848 
1,910 
1,973 
2,015 
2,198 
2,205 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg coal 
at this point is therefore 1,973 feet less 215 feet, or 1,758 feet. 

Well No. 633 .—This well is on the farm of Mrs. John Cowden. 
The elevation of its mouth is 1,172 feet. The position of the Pitts¬ 
burg coal as given by the well record is accepted. 


Log of Mrs. John Cowden well (Vo. 633). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

CYinl Pitt,shnrp r . 

Feet. 

136 
1,000 
1,030 
1,055 
1,967 
2,160 
2,230 
2,270 

Feet. 

VVntpr (sain _ . .. 


Sand Salt .. 




Sand Fif tv-font . 


Gas in Gordon Stray sand. 


Oil in Gordon sand . . . 


Sand Fourth drv... 


Total depth . . 

2,401 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg coal 
at this point is therefore 1,967 feet less 161 feet, or 1,808 feet. 























































































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 139 


II ell A o. 702 .— I his well is No. 1 on the Ivrackemer farm, and the 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,135 feet above sea level. The position 
of the Pittsburg coal as given by the well record is accepted. The 
measurement to the Hundred-foot sand is not accepted, however. 
Other wells on the same farm show that the distance between the 
Hundred-foot and Gordon sands is 211 feet, which is verv close to the 
average distance between these sands. It is believed a better result is 
obtained by taking the measurement to the Gordon sand and subtract¬ 


ing 210 feet. 


Log of Krackemer well No. 1 (Vo. 702). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Limestone. 

Feet. 

25 
265 
945 
1,045 
1,250 
1,900 
2,095 
2,278 

Feet. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 


Coal, Freeport. 


Sand, Salt. 


Sand, Big Injun (gas). 

1,550 

Sand, Berea. 

Sand, Hundred-foot. 

2,101 
2,296 
2,296 

Sand, Gordon (gas and oil at 2,285 feet). 

Total depth. 




The depth to the Gordon sand, 2,278 feet less 210 feet, gives 2,068 
feet as the assumed depth of the Hundred-foot sand. The distance 
between this sand and the Pittsburg coal at this point is therefore 
2,068 feet less 270 feet (the depth of the base of the Pittsburg coal, 
265 feet plus 5 feet), or 1,798 feet. 

Well No. 6Jf9 .—This well is on the farm of J. R. and Joseph Lyle. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,161 feet. The depth to the Pittsburg 
coal as given in the record is accepted. It will be noticed that the 
distance between the Hundred-foot and Gordon sands is 320 feet. 


Log of J. R. and Joseph Lyle well (No. 649). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Limestone .. 

Feet. 

15 

Feet. 

156 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

256 


Coal, Freeport. 

926 

932 

Sand Salt (salt, water at 1,215 feet). 

1,200 

1 258 

Sand, Big Injun. 

L 304 
1,800 
1,910 
2,016 
2,217 
2,-336 
2,446 

1,482 
1,865 
1,932 
2,031 
2,226 
2,340 
2,450 

Shell, Thirty-foot (Berea). 

Red rock . 

Sand Hundred-foot (steel-line measurement).i 

Sand’ Blue Monday (Thirty-foot) (gas at 2,224 feet, steel-line measurement)- 

Sand Gordon . 

Sand Fifth . 

Total depth . 

2,474 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 


coal at this point is therefore 2,016 feet less 266 feet, or 1,750 feet. 

Well No. 630 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of D. C. Miller, and 
its mouth is at an elevation of 1,111 feet above sea level. The depth 




















































140 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


to the Pittsburg coal as given in the well record is accepted. No 
Gordon sand was found in the well. The Fifth sand is 411) feet 
below the Hundred-foot sand, nearly a hundred feet more than the 
average distance. 

Log of D. C. Miller well No. 1 (No. 630). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

T.impstnTiP 

Feet. 

128 

217 

895 

1,100 

1,310 

1,770 

1,894 

1,974 

2,074 

2,393 

Feet. 

143 

227 

rVml Pitt.shnro- ..>.. 





1,445 

1,830 

1,934 

1,990 

Shplls Thirtv-foot ( Berea") . 

Fed reek .- - 



Send Fifth . 

2,418 
2,454 

Total ripnth . 




The distance between the Hundred-foot shells and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,974 feet less 227 feet, or 1,747 feet. 

Well No. 717 .—This well is No. 11 on the Berry heirs farm, and 
its mouth is at an elevation of 1,145 feet above sea level. The posi¬ 
tion of the Pittsburg coal as noted in the record is accepted. 


Log of Berry heirs well No. 11 (No. 717). 


- 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

246 
2, 294 
2,430 

Feet. 

Sand, Gordon. 

2,320 
2,453 
2; 461 

Sand, Fifth. 

Total depth. 




In this record the Hundred-foot sand is not noted, but in this part 
of the township the average distance between the Hundred-foot and 
Fifth sands is 330 feet. If this amount *is subtracted from 2,430 
feet, the remainder, 2,100 feet, is the assumed depth of the top of the 
Hundred-foot sand. The distance between this and the Pittsburg 
coal is 2,100 feet less 251 feet (the coal bed being assumed to be 5 feet 
thick), or 1,849 feet. 

Well No. 737 .—This well is No. 9 on the farm of James Scott, and 
the elevation of the mouth is 1,100 feet. The position of the Pitts¬ 
burg coal as noted in the record is accepted. 


Log of James Scott troll No. 9 (No. 737). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

160 
2,260 
2,385 

Feet. 

Sand, Gordon.•. 


Sand, Fifth. 

2,410 

































































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETT&TOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 141 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,385 feet less 495 feet (165 plus 330 
feet), or 1,890 feet. 

Well No. 750 .—This well is No. 3 on the farm of J. G. Berry. 
The position of the Pittsburg coal as noted in the well record is 
accepted. 

Log of J. G. Berry well No. 3 (No. 7 50). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal. Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

258 
2,375 
2,493 

Feet. 

Sand, Gordon. 

2,400 
2,515 
2,520 

Sand, Fifth. 

Total depth... 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,493 feet (depth of Fifth sand) less 
593 feet (330 feet plus 263 feet), or 1,900 feet. 

Well No. 832 .—This well is on the farm of Abram Pry. Its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,262 feet. The well record is accepted 
and the distance taken directly from it. 

Log of Abram Pry well (No. 832). 


Top. Bottom. 


Feet. Feet. 


Soil and clay. 

Rock. 

Slate.. j-. 

Coal (filled up full of water).. 

Slate and limestone. 

Coal. 

Slate and limestone. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Slate, limestone, and red rock. 

Sand, Hurry-up, first streak. 

Slate and limestone. 

Sand, Hurry-up, second streak. 

Slate. 

Sand. 

Slate . 

Sand, Gas, hard, white (very little gas) 

Slate. 

Sand, Salt. 

Slate. 

Sand...-. 

Sand and shell. 

Sand, Big Injun (water at 1,46'.) feet) 

Slate. 

Sand, Squaw. 

Slate and limestone shells. 

Red rock and slate. 

Sand, Hundred-foot. 

Slate. 

Total depth. 


10 
16 
60 
63 
160 
164 
420 
425 
850 
875 
1,000 
1,0-25 
1,170 
1,190 
1,210 
1,235 
1,250 
1,300 
1,306 
1,346 
1,407 
1, 610 
1,700 
1,725 
2,088 
2,173 
2,186 


10 
16 
60 
63 
160 
164 
420 
425 
850 
875 
1,000 
1,025 
1,170 

1.190 
1,210 
1,235 
1,250 
1,300 
1,306 
1,346 
1,407 
1,610 
1,700 
1, 725 
2,088 
2,173 
2,186 

2.190 
2,190 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,1 T3 feet less 425 feet, or 1,748 feet. 


























































142 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 585 .—This well is No. 9 on the William Russell farm, 
and its mouth is at an elevation of 1,198 feet above sea level. 


Log of William Russell well No. 9 (No. 585). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

352 

1,410 

2,160 

2,270 

Feet. 

Sand, Big Injun.. 

1,635 

2,171 

Sand, Hundred-foot (small show of oil at 2,165 feet). 

Sand, Thirtv-foot, streak of. 

Total depth. 

2,287 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,ICO feet less 357 feet, or 1,803 feet. 

Well No. 589 .—This well is No. 7 on the Buchanan farm. The 
elevation of the mouth is 1,223 feet. 


Log of Buchanan well No. 7 (No. 589). 


1 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

345 

1,230 

1,380 

1,860 

2,060 

2,160 

2,170 

Feet. 

Sand, Salt. 

1,340 
1,580 
2,000 
2,120 
2,174 

Sand, Big Injun. 

Shell, Thirty-foot. 

Red rock. 

Sand, Hundred-foot (oil at 2,161 feet). 

Sand, soft. 

Total depth. 

2,175 

* 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand .and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,160 feet less 350 feet, or 1,810 feet. 
Well No. 494 .—This well is No. 5 on the William Russell farm. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,220 feet above sea level. 

» 

Log of William Russell well No. 5 (No. J/9J f ). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

345 
1,200 
1,390 
1,700 
1,900 
2,080 
2,170 

Feet. 

Sand, Salt. 

1,340 
1,630 
1,720 
2,060 
2,140 
2,186 
2,189 

Sand. Big Injun. 

Sand, Squaw. 

Shell, Thirtv-foot. 

Red rock. 

Sand, Hundred-foot (oil at2,172 feet)... 

Total depth. 

. . 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,170 feet less 350 feet, or 1,820 feet, 

11 ell A o. 08 }.— ] his well is No. 11 on the Scott heirs farm, and the 
elevation of its mouth is 1,134 feet above the sea. 










































































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 


143 


Log of Scott heirs well Vo. 11 (No. 537). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

200 

Feet. 

Sand, Salt. 

1,100 

1,300 

2,070 

1,170 

Sand, Big Injun. 

1,550 

Sand, Hundred-foot (oil at 2,077 feet). 

2,091 

Total depth... 

2| 093 


- 


The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,070 feet less 205 feet, or 1,865 feet. 
Well No. 515 .—This well is No. 5 on the farm of Alexander Hays. 

t j 

Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,002 feet above sea level. 


Log of Alexander Hags well No. 5 (No. 515). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

7 

Feet. 

13 

Sand, Big Injun.. 

1,087 

1,367 

Sand Hundred-foot . 

1,913 

1,928 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,913 feet less 13 feet, or 1,900 feet. 

Well No. 577 .—This well is No. 1 on the farm of J. S. Vance. The 
elevation of its mouth is 1,204 feet above sea level. 

Log of .1. S. Vance well No. 1, (No. 577). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

328 

Feet. 

336 


1,195 



2,152 

2,162 


2,253 



2,312 



2,318 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,152 feet less 336 feet, or 1,818 feet. 

Well No. 569 .—This well is No. 2, on the farm of M. M. Atcheson, 
and the mouth is at an elevation of 1,015 feet above sea level. 


Log of M. .1/. Atcheson well (No. 569) 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

105 

950 

Feel. 




1,160 

1,962 



1,975 
1,983 

band, Hunur6(i-ioot ±,wo icu;. 






















































































144 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


The Rider bed usually occurs about 15 feet above the main Pitts¬ 
burg coal. This would make the base of the Pittsburg coal at a depth 
of 120 feet. The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the 
Pittsburg coal at this point is therefore 1,962 feet less 120 feet, or 
1,842 feet. 

Well No. 500 .—This well is No. 1, on the farm of John Moore. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,188 feet above sea level. The Pitts¬ 
burg coal outcrops in the vicinity, and its leveled elevation agrees 
closely with its position as noted in the well record. 

Log of -John Moore well , No. 1 (No. 500). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

145 

355 

1,080 

1,230 

1,620 

1,965 

2,050 

Feet. 

Sand, Hurry-up. 


Sand, Salt. 


Sand, Big Injun. 

Sand, Bitter Book. 

1,467 

Red rock. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 


Total depth. 

2. 200 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,050 feet less 150 feet, or 1,900 feet. 

Well No. 115 .—This well is No. 2, on the farm of Taylor Brothers. 
The elevation of its mouth is 1,201 feet above sea level. The Pitts¬ 
burg coal outcrops on both sides of the well, and its leveled elevation 
agrees with the position shown in the well record. 


Log of Taylor Brothers well No. 2 (No. 115). 


# 

Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Pittsburg. 

Feet. 

138 
1,050 
1,180 
1,200 
1,375 
1,580 
1,640 
2,044 
2,158 

Feet. 

148 

1,100 

1,160 

Sand, Salt. 

Limestone. 

Sand, Big Injun. 



Sand, Squaw... 

1,560 

Sand, Bitter Rock. 

Sand, Hundred-foot. 

2,064 
2,180 
2,180 

Sand, Thirty-foot. 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2, 044 feet less 148 feet, or 1,896 feet. 

Well No. 106 .—This is well No. 1 on the farm of John Dunbar, 
and the elevation if its mouth is 1,099 feet. The Pittsburg coal out¬ 
crops close to the well at an elevation of 4 feet above the mouth. 





















































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 145 


Log of John Dunbar well Vo. 1 (No. 106). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand, Salt. 

Feet. 

940 
1,085 
1,925 
2,040 

Feet. 

1,050 

Sand, Big Injun. 

Sand, Hundred-foot. 


Sand, Thirty-foot. 





The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,925 feet plus 4 feet, or 1,929 feet. 

Well No. 118 .—This is well No. 1 on the farm of Mrs. J. E. Bell, 
and its mouth is at an elevation of 1,120 feet above sea level. The 
Pittsburg coal outcrops 45 feet above the mouth of the well. 


Log of Mrs. J. E. Bell well No. 1 (No. 118). 



Top 

Bottom. 

Coal, Freeport. 

Feet. 

570 

785 

1,863 

1,983 

Feet. 

Sa.ndJ Salt . 


Sand Hundred-foot . 

1,881 

1,993 

2,017 

Sand Thirty-foot,. . 

Total depth _, T _ __ . 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,863 feet plus 45 feet, or 1,908 feet. 

Well No. 414 .—This well is No. 3 on the farm of W. S. Bailey. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,122 feet. The elevation of the Pitts¬ 
burg coal is 1,180 feet, or 58 feet above the mouth of the well. 

Log of W. 8. Bailey well No. 3 (No. hlh). 



Top. 

Bottom. 


Feet. 

800 
1,010 
1,440 
1,860 
1,975 
2,065 
2,125 
2,180 

Feet. 


* - .. 













2,234 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,860 feet plus 58 feet, or 1,918 feet. 

Well No. 413 .—This well is No. 1 on the John McCalmont farm. 
The elevation of its mouth is 1,120 feet above sea level. The elevation 
of the Pittsburg coal at this point is 1,154 feet, or 34 feet above the 
mouth of the well. 


3496—Bull. 318—07-10 






































































146 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, AVEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Log of John McCalmont well No. 1 (No. JflS). 



Top. Bottom. 

Kn n d fta It ....... 

Feet. 

900 

950 

1,120 
1,700 
1,900 
2,121 
2,175 

Feet. 



ftnnrl Hip* Tninn _ . 




Sn n rl TI n ti ri rpd -foot, .... 


Sand fJnrdmi ... 


Snnfl Pourth . .. 


Tnfal dppth .... 

2,235 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,900 feet plus 34 feet, or 1,934 feet. 

Well No. Jftl. — This AA T ell is No. 2 on the farm of It. S. Stevenson. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,162 feet above the sea. The Pitts¬ 
burg coal at this point is 11 feet above the mouth of the well. 

Log of R. S. Stevenson well No. 2 (No. 427). 


Sand, Hurry-up. 

Coal, Freeport. 

Sand, Salt. 

Sand, Big Injun .... 
Sand, Bitter Rock... 
Sand, Hundred-foot 
Total depth. 


Top. 

Bottom. 

Feet. 

310 

Feet. 

654 


925 


1,045 

1,500 

1,360 

1,911 

1,940 

1,940 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 1,911 feet plus 11 feet, or 1,922 feet. 

Well No. 4J/.7. — This is Avell No. 1 on the farm of Levi Gregg, and 
the elevation of its mouth is 1,132 feet abo\ T e the sea. The Pittsburg 
coal outcrops at an elevation of 1,135 feet, or 3 feet abo\ T e the mouth 
of the AA T ell. 

Log of Levi Gregg well No. 1 (No. 447). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Coal, Freeport. 

Feet. 

675 
875 
1,138 
1,490 
. 1,738 

1,859 
1,924 
1,934 
2,048 

Feet. 

Sand, Salt (gas at 1,045 feet; water at 1,050 feet). 

1,100 

1,400 

1,512 

Sand, Big Injun. 

Sand, Bitter Rock. 

Sand, Berea. .. 

Red Rock. 


Sand, Hundred-foot Stray. 


Sand, Hundred-foot. 

1,948 
2,059 
2,080 

Sand, Thirty-foot. 

Total depth... 




The distance betAA T een the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg coal 
at this point is therefore 1,934 feet plus 3 feet, or 1,937 feet. 

Well No. 662 .—This Avell is No. 14 on the farm of K. N. McDonald. 
The elevation of its mouth is 1,023 feet. The Pittsburg coal at this 












































































WELL LOGS USED FOR BURGETTSTOWN CONVERGENCE SHEET. 147 


point is at an elevation of 1,080 feet, or 57 feet above the mouth of 
the well. 

Log of K. N. McDonald icell No. lJ t (No. 662). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand, Gordon. 

Feet. 

9 OQfi 

Feet. 

9 117 

Sand, Fifth. 

9 222 

9 999 

Total depth. 


w , *— o «_< 

2,255 

._ 



The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,008 feet less 210 feet for the interval 
between the Gordon and Hundred-foot sands, plus 57 feet for the 
distance of the Avell mouth below the coal, or 1,042 feet. 

II ell No. 906 .—This is well No. 30 on the farm of K. N. McDonald, 
and its mouth is at an elevation of 1,047 feet. The Pittsburg coal 
outcrops in the vicinity at an elevation of 1,077 feet, or 37 feet above 
the mouth. 


Log of K. N. McDonald icell No. 36 (No. 906). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand, Gordon. 

Feet. 

2,120 

Feet. 
2,142 
2,148 

Total depth. 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg coal 
at this point is therefore 2,120 feet, less 210 feet for the interval 
between the Gordon and Hundred-foot sands, plus 30 feet for the 
distance of the Pittsburg coal above the well mouth, or 1,940 feet. 

Well No. 67If .—This well is No. 11 on the farm of Ed. McDonald. 
Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,006 feet above sea level. The 
Pittsburg coal at this point is at an elevation of 1,038 feet, or 32 feet 
above the month of the well. 


Log of Ed. McDonald well No. 11 (No. 671). 



Top. 

Bottom. 

Sand Gordon. 

Feet. 

2,098 
2,100 

Feet. 

2,116 

Sand,pay . 

Total depth. 

2,132 




The distance between the Hundred-foot sand and the Pittsburg 
coal at this point is therefore 2,098 feet, less 210 feet for the interval 
between the Gordon and Hundred-foot sands, plus 32 feet for the 
distance of the Pittsburg coal above the well mouth, or 1,920 feet. 






























































148 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Well No. 776 .—This well is No. 1 on the W. C. Campbell farm. Its 
mouth is at an elevation of 1,280 feet above sea level. The record of 
the well does not show the position of the Pittsburg coal, but from the 
contoured map of the surface structure, the coal is probably at an 
elevation of 1.027 feet, or 253 feet below the mouth of the well. In 
this well the Gordon sand lies at a depth of 2,383 feet and has a 
thickness of 15 feet. The distance between the Hundred-foot sand 
and the Pittsburg coal at this point is therefore 2,383 feet, less 210 
feet for the interval between the Gordon and Hundred-foot sands, less 
253 feet for the depth of the Pittsburg coal below the surface, or 
1,920 feet. 


CHAPTER VI. 

DETAILED GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY'8VILLE QUADRANGLE. 

INDEPENDENCE TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

1 lie lowest depression in the structure of the rocks in Independence 
Township is about 1 mile north of the junction of Dutch Fork and 
Buffalo Creek. This point is approximately the center of a low, 
spoon-shaped basin in the bottom of the Burgettstown syncline. 
From this point the rocks rise very steeply to the northwest, a little 
less so to the southeast, and still less to the northeast and southwest 
along the bottom of the synclinal trough, the rise being smallest to 
the southwest. The beds exposed in this township are the lower por¬ 
tion of the Greene, all of the Washington, and the upper part of the 
Monongahela formation. 

Upper and Middle Washington limestones and J oily town coal .— 
The Upper Washington limestone is found in outcrop near the tops 
of the highest hills from West Middletown along the pike toward 
Independence, the last outcrop noted being on the road to the south 
about one-half mile , from Manchester schoolhouse. Westward the 
steep rise of the rocks brings the horizon of this bed above the hills, 
but to the south along the ridge road between Haynon and Sugar- 
camp runs the dip is sufficient to keep the limestone under cover to 
the center of the structural basin west of Acheson. The Middle 
Washington limestone has an unusual thickness in this township. 
It is exposed over about the same territory as that given above for 
the Upper Washington, but on account of its position lower in the 
series it is not so badly eroded as the upper J>ed. This limestone is 
easily identified by a heavy yellow bed near its center from which 
all measurements of interval have been taken. The smaller layers 
at the to]) are more easily disintegrated and rarely show distinctty 
in outcrop. The Jollytown coal appears to be present wherever the 
Middle Washington limestone occurs, but it is thin, and being em¬ 
bedded in reddish shale is easily overlooked. The interval between 
this coal and the Middle Washington limestone does not remain con¬ 
stant, and hence the former is of little value as a geologic marker. 

Washington coal. —This coal is widespread in outcrop. On the 
points of the hills north of Buffalo Creek it is a little more than 100 
feet above the stream. In all the small tributaries coming into the 

149 


150 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


creek from the north this coal bed is fully 5 feet thick, and by its 
great thickness and the accompanying exposure of the Lower Wash¬ 
ington limestone a few feet above and the Little Washington coal 
about the same distance below it is very easily recognized. The coal 
outcrops on both sides of Haynon Run from its mouth to its source, 
being well up toward the tops of the hills at the head of this stream. 
It also shows in outcrop on the east side of Sugarcamp Run along 
its whole length. A narrow belt along the top of the ridge between 
this stream and Indian Camp Run is underlain by this coal. From 
that point northwestward the rocks rise so steeply that only the 
highest points along the ridge catch this horizon. The last outcrop 
of the coal in Independence Township in this direction is on the 
high point just north of the village of Independence. 

1 Yaynesburg and Waynesburg U A "* and U B ” coals .— 1 This group 
of coal beds comes to the surface along Buffalo Creek a little west 
of the mouth of Buck Run. West of this point the rocks dip more 
steeply than the bed of the stream, so that the Waynesburg coal is 
under cover to the edge of the quadrangle, but the and “ B ” 
beds are above the level of the creek. From the mouth of Brush Run 
eastward all the coals are in continuous outcrop along Brush Run, 
also for three-fourths of a mile up Haynon Run, where the Waynes¬ 
burg is first to go under cover. On Brush and Haynon runs the 
Waynesburg coal has been opened for mining in several places. It 
is at least 4 feet thick here and apparently of a much better grade 
than elsewhere. Up Haynon Run the “ B ” coal passes below water 
level a short distance from the John Wilson well. On Sugarcamp 
Run the first outcrop of the Waynesburg is halfway between the 
mouth of Indian Camp Run and the edge of the quadrangle. North¬ 
ward on both sides of these runs the beds rise more abruptly than 
the bottoms of the valleys, and may be found in outcrop on the sides 
of the hills as far as the northern edge of the quadrangle. 

On Sugarcamp Run the Waynesburg coal appears in several small 
layers, divided in places by as much as 15 feet of yellowish shale. 
Its appearance is so similar to that of the “A ” and “ B ” coals that 
some difficulty was experienced in distinguishing between them. 
From the point where Sugarcamp Run leaves the quadrangle north¬ 
ward the 4 ‘B " coal is most prominent. At the east end of Independ¬ 
ence this coal, together with its accompanying black shale, is at 
least G feet thick. On the road to the south a short distance from this 
point coal “ A ” goes under cover in an unusually heavy outcrop. On 
the Middletown pike from Independence this group of coals crops out 
in a number of places, the “A” and “ B ” beds being even more promi¬ 
nent than the Waynesburg itself. None, however, are of economic 
value. 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


151 


HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

The Burgettstown syncline, which passes a short distance east of 
AVest Middletown, crosses the northwest corner of Hopewell Town¬ 
ship. Eastward from this trough the rocks rise in a broad dome¬ 
shaped anticlinal nose, which juts out from the crest of the Clavsville 
anticline. The exposed rocks have a thickness of about 325 feet, 
ranging from the Benwood limestone to a horizon a few feet above 
the Upper Washington limestone. 

Middle IF ashing ton and Lower AY aslting ton limestones and Wash¬ 
ington coal. —In this township the steep rise of the rocks from, the 
south and west brings these beds high above the valleys of the prin¬ 
cipal streams. On the east fork of Haynon Run the Washington 
coal crops out a short distance below the schoolhouse, half a mile from 
West Middletown and also at several places on the road down this run 
as far as Dunkle Run. Its outcrop line encircles the hillsides of the 
large tributary to Haynon Run which heads south of West Middle- 
town, and the coal goes under cover on this run a short distance south 
of the road crossing its headwaters. On Dunkle Run this group of 
beds is exposed as far as the Washington-Middletown pike, along 
which there are numerous exposures of the Lower Washington lime¬ 
stone. On the ridge south of Dunkle Run the Washington coal crops 
out at the heads of the numerous tributaries to Brush Run. East 
of Buffalo village and north of the Washington-Buffalo pike the 
Washington coal has been opened west of the run. It also outcrops 
just west of the village and on the Buffalo-Middletown pike well*up 
toward the tops of the hills on the west side of the run. At the head 
of Dunkle Run the coal is in fine outcrop. On the Samuel Donaldson 
farm, at the headwaters of Cross Creek, one-third of a mile west of 
the corner of Hopewell, Mount Pleasant, and Canton townships, this 
coal has been mined. It is approximately 5 feet thick, but owing to 
the condition of the opening no detailed section could be obtained. 
South of Buffalo village it outcrops on the point of the hills over¬ 
looking Brush Run, about 135 feet above the stream. The Little 
Washington coal is everywhere present, from 10 to 15 feet below the 
Washington coal. The Lower Washington limestone is of average 
thickness and has the same general appearance as described elsewhere. 
In most places it is overlain by the small coal found in Blaine Town¬ 
ship, though this coal is very thin, being at no place over 1 foot thick. 

YV aynesburg and YY aynesburg “A” and “ B ” coals.— On Brush 
Run the easternmost outcrop of the Waynesburg coal is at the road 
forks at the corner of Hopewell, Buffalo, and Canton townships. 
Northwest of this point it is exposed on the Buffalo-Washington pike, 
near the foot of the hill east of the schoolhouse, the Washington coal 
being just west of the schoolhouse and 112 feet above the Waynesburg 


152 


OIL AND GAS; OHTO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


coal. Westward along the hillside the outcrop line of these coals is 
almost on a level with the Buffalo-Taylorstown road. Up a tributary 
to Brush lviin from the north, a short distance west of this road, the 
Waynesburg goes under cover before the first road crossing is reached. 
On this road, uphill to the west from this tributary, an unusually 
thick outcrop of the Waynesburg “A” coal occurs 1)0 feet below 7 the 
Washington coal. At the point where this run crosses the Middle¬ 
town-Buffalo pike the “A" coal has been opened, exposing at least 4 
feet of coal. Accurate measurement shows it to be 89 feet below 7 the 
Washington coal. The steep westward dip of the rocks carries these 
coal beds lower and lower on the hillsides to the north of Brush Run 
until, at the mouth of Haynon Run, the Waynesburg coal is not over 
30 feet above the valley, and a short distance north of the mouth of 
Dunkle Run this bed is stripped in the bottom of the run and is also 
opened by entry. The “A 1 ' and u B ” coals outcrop for half a mile 
farther upstream. On the south side of Dunkle Run, near its mouth, 
the “A” seam has been opened, but was soon abandoned. Up this run 
the last outcrop of this group is about three-fourths of a mile south 
of the Middletown-Buffalo pike. 

Uniontown coal and Benwood limestone .—The only exposures of 
these beds in the township occur on the north side of Brush Run, a 
few 7 feet above the stream, from a point 1 mile east of its mouth to a 
point within about the same distance of the corner of Buffalo, Blaine, 
and Hopewell townships. The beds show the same general relations 
as in Blaine Township, to the south. 

Middle Washington limestone and Jolly town coed .—In Hopewell 
Township the Middle Washington limestone attains its maximum 
thickness of about 25 feet. Near West Middletown it is present in 
the tops of the hills, and on the ridge road south to Acheson its ex¬ 
posure is several yards wide on the hillside above Haynon Run. 

1 he limits of the bed are not clearly marked, but from all appear¬ 
ances it is at least 25 feet thick, the Jollytowm coal being exposed 
more than 110 feet above the Washington coal. This point lies fairly 
e ce tei of the Bui^ettstow n syncline, and from it the outcrop 
line of these beds rises in all directions except to the south and south¬ 
west. The Jollytown coal outcrops at the forks of the road on the In¬ 
dependence and West Middletown pike at the township line. It also 
occurs a short distance east of this point, the Middle Washington 
limestone outcropping below. The Jollytown coal crops out on the 
West Middletown-Buffalo pike at the summit of the first hill w 7 est 
of Buffalo, with the Middle Washington limestone in fine outcrop 
below. 1 he lowei beds of this limestone are exposed at the cross¬ 
roads in Buffalo and a short distance to the north of this village. 

n coal also occurs on the first road east o f this point 
opposite the lane to the east. Here it is broken up into several small 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


153 


layers, separated by shale. (See section, p. 155.) From this place 
the outcrop line of these beds encircles the headwaters of Brush Run, 
the heavy ledges of the limestone being well exposed on the points of 
the hills. In this vicinity the Jollytown coal is overlain by a lami- 
nated sandstone several feet in thickness, which in places is rather 
massive. This is the bed which juts out so prominently on the hill¬ 
sides and which farther to the north, in Mount Pleasant Township, 
strews the tops of the hills with enormous bowlders. 

Upper Washington limestone and Upper Washington coal. —The 


Upper W ashington limestone and coal are present along the higher 
portions of the watershed between Buffalo and Cross creeks. The 
outcrop encircles the high points to the north and northwest of West 
Middletown and the hilltop upon which the village stands, and ex¬ 
tends eastward for a mile or more to the forks of the road going 1 north 
to Wilson Mills. The steep rise of the rocks from this point to the 
Canton Township line brings these beds to the highest" points of the 
ridge. The Upper Washington limestone is here exposed, though its 
lower section is somewhat thinner than it is farther south. The 
Upper Washington coal is represented by less than a foot of soft 
shale, carrying thin layers of coal. The Donley limestone and Finley 
coal were not found in outcrop, though it is possible that they are 
both present. 


CHARTIERS AND SOUTH STRABANE TOWNSHIPS, WASHINGTON 

COUNTY. 

Only the southwestern part of Chartiers Township and the western 
part of South Strabane Township are included in this quadrangle. 
The axis of the Finney syncline lies along the west edge of South 
Strabane and passes through the middle of Chartiers. The rocks 
dip from all points toward this line. Rocks from a horizon about ’ 
35 feet above the Pittsburg coal to one about the same distance above 
the Washington coal outcrop over this area. 

Washington formation. —The Waynesburg “ A ” and “ B ” coals 
are present over most of this area, but are of no importance. The 
Washington coal outcrops in South Strabane Township near the top 
of the high ridge north of Washington. In Chartiers Township it 
was found only in one or two places along the high ridge between 
Chartiers Creek and Chartiers Run. 

Mdnongahela formation. —In these townships the Waynesburg coal 
is thin and unimportant both for mining and as a geologic marker. 
It outcrops a few feet above Catfish Run in the town of Washington, 
and from this point northward it encircles the hills east of Chartiers 
Creek to the boundary of the quadrangle. On the north side of 
Chartiers Creek the crop line of this bed rises higher and higher 
on the hillsides to the borders of the quadrangle. 


154 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


The Uniontown coal is represented by a few inches of coal or 
carbonaceous shale. 

The Benwood limestone outcrops along both sides of Chartiers 
Creek from the edge of the quadrangle to Oak Grove, where the 
steep westward dip carries it under cover. It is exposed on both 
sides of the northern tributary to Chartiers Creek to a point half a 
mile above Arden Mines. On this run, a short distance below Arden 
M ines, a coal a few feet below the Benwood limestone was once 
opened for mining. This is probably the Sewickley coal, since it 
lies between 130 aftd 140 feet above the Pittsburg coal. 

The Pittsburg coal comes to the surface in the valley of Chartiers 
Creek a quarter of a mile east of the quadrangle boundary, in the 
Amity quadrangle, where it is extensively mined. This coal is 
opened by shaft at Arden Mines, but to the southwest along Char¬ 
tiers Creek it dips steeply to the bottom of the Finney syncline west 
of Woodell. 


CANTON TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

The axis of the Finney syncline enters Canton Township near the 
southwest corner, the rocks along the trough lying almost horizontal 
to the vicinity of Woodell, whence the axis of the syncline swings 
sharply to the north, passing into Chartiers Township 1 mile north 
of the mouth of Georges Run. At this point the key rock is about 
190 feet higher than it is at Woodell. From the bottom of this 
trough the rocks rise steeply in all directions. The thickness of the 
outcropping beds is about 500 feet, that portion of the geologic col¬ 
umn’ exposed including the rocks from the Benwood limestone up to 
the Claysville limestone. 

Upper Washington limestone and coal , Donley limestone , and 
/Sparta coal .—This group is not found in Canton Township north of 
the Buffalo-Washington pike unless a few scattering bowlders on the 
crest of Garrett Hill belong to the Upper Washington limestone. On 
the ridge south of this pike the Upper Washington limestone is in 
fine outcrop at the township line east of North Buffalo Church. 
From this point eastward a rather broad strip along the ridge is 
underlain by these beds to a point within a mile of Wolftown. 
Farther east small isolated patches of the Upper Washington lime¬ 
stone occur under the higher points. Southward along the higher 
ridge between Canton and Buffalo townships the outcrop line of the 
Upper Washington limestone sinks abruptly to the trough of the 
Finney syncline. At the tunnel on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
under Sugar Hill this limestone is only a few feet above the track, 
the heavy ledges of what is probably the Donley limestone beimr 
above the roof of the tunnel. Here the Upper Washington coal lies 
directly above the top beds of the Upper Washington limestone, as 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 155 


in the tunnel east of Claysville. At this point the 
bed is over 100 feet lower than on the ridge west of Wolf town. On 
the north side of the National pike south of Woodell this limestone 
is extensively quarried for road material. It is at least 25 feet thick, 
the layers being rather massive and lying close together. Here it 
is about 65 feet above the exposure at the tunnel. On the road up¬ 
hill westward from A oodell the white ledges of tliis bed outcrop 
opposite the second house to the south, where it is 40 feet below the 


exposure on the National pike and 158 feet above an outcrop of the 
A ashington coal near the schoolhouse on this road at the foot of the 
hill. The Upper W ashington coal is everywhere present as a small, 
shaly coal from 4 to 10 inches thick. What is thought to be the 
t ne was noted only at the tunnel under Sugar Ilill, 
though it may probably lie part of the heavy beds of limestone quar¬ 
ried on the National pike south of Woodell. * The Finley coal shows 
in outcrop east of North Buffalo Church 32 feet above the Upper 


Washington limestone, and it is probably present at other places 
still farther east. 

IP ashington and Little AY ashington coals and T.ower AYashington 
limestone .—Along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Woodell 
station to Washington one or more of these beds are exposed in each 
cut. The lowest point at which the A ashington coal was found in 
outcrop is at the sandstone quarry one-fourth mile west of Woodell 
station. Northward the steep rise of the rocks soon carries this coal 
well up toward the tops of the hills. It outcrops on the road uphill 
west of Wolf town near the top of the ridge, where it is 125 feet 
above the valley. On the Washington-Buffalo pike it is exposed 
at the top of the divide between Chartiers Creek and Brush Run. 
On the ridge road northwest from A 7 olftown the first outcrop of 
this coal occurs at a sharp bend in the road on the» high point 
south of the residence of McClain Johnson, 110 feet higher than the 


outcrop west of ATIftown. Half a mile farther on the coal shows 
again at least 8 feet thick in front of the first house to the north of 
Mr. Johnson’s. The bluish-white to cream-white limestone called 
by Stevenson a the Ah is here in fine outcrop 37 feet below the Wash- 
ington coal. The Lower A r ashington limestone is also exposed in 
a normal outcrop about 30 or 35 feet above the coal. Along this 
ridge to the north the Washington coal underlies a narrow strip 
to the township line, and from this point northward along the east¬ 
ern side of the ridge to the Mount Pleasant line west of Gretna. 
Its last outcrop in this direction is on the high ridge road three- 
fourths of a mile west of this village. 

Middle Washington limestone and Joily town coal .—A fine outcrop 
of the Middle Arashington limestone occurs on the ridge road from 


a Stevenson, J. J., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. Iv, 1S7G, p. 55. 




156 OIL AND CAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

Buffalo to Gretna 0110 -half mile north of the corner of Hopewell, 
Mount Pleasant, and Canton townships, just north of the crossroads. 
The following section, taken at this place, is typical: 

Section of Middle Washington limestone on road front Buffalo to Gretna. 

Ft. in. 

Coal, Jollytown, shaly- 

Shale and sandstone- 8 

•J 

Limestone, yellow- 

Sandstone, reddish, and shale- It) 

Shale, soft, cream colored- ° 

Limestone, hard, blue- 

Limestone, slabby, white- H 

Shale- 8 

Limestone, gray, hard, and tough, fracturing flesh color- 2 

Shale_•_ 

Limestone, single heavy yellowish bed, fracture flesh color, with calcite 

crystals_ 2 

Shale_ ^ 

Concealed. 

Waynesburg and Waynesbuvg ‘"A 1 and " B coals. — I he south- 
westernmost outcrop of these beds is. in the valley of Chartiers Creek 
near the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where the u B coal is 
exposed in the bed of the creek. Northward from this point the 
steep rise of the beds soon brings both the “A” bed and the Waynes- 
burtf to the surface. The outcrop line of these beds encircles the 
sides of the valley traversed by the Washington-Buffalo pike, well 
up toward the head of the stream, the rise of the rocks being about 
equal to that of the bed of the creek. The Waynesburg coal outcrops 
at several places along this pike west of Wolftown. On the ridge 
road northwest of Wolftown this group outcrops in a number of 
places between that village and the top of the hill. The “ B ” coal, 
with a creamy limestone from 0 to 10 feet above, is the most promi¬ 
nent of the three. In this vicinity the main Waynesburg bed is much 
thinner than elsewhere. Toward the north the coal crops out again 
in three places within half a mile, the last outcrop in this direction 
occurring just south of the residence of McClain Johnson. North¬ 
east of Wolftown these coals are hard to recognize. On the ridge 
road just west of Gretna the Waynesburg is soft and shaly, with a 
total thickness of not over 14 inches. A little farther up the hill 
near the sharp bend to the west the “ B " coal is exposed in a shaly 
bed less than 1 foot thick, with its accompanying limestone above. 
At this point the “ B ” coal is about 05 feet below the Washington 
coal. On the road west from Georges Run the Waynesburg coal, 
exposed at the foot of a steep hill, is less than 2 feet thick. At this 
point the distance to the Washington coal above is not less than 115 
feet. 














DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 157 


Uniontown coal and Benwood limestone .—This group of rocks out¬ 
crops in a small area in Canton Township, in Chartiers Valley north 
of Oak Grove, and up Georges Run almost to Gretna. The rise of 
the rocks in that direction is just about equal to that of the valley, 
the upper portion of the Benwood limestone being at water level for 
almost the entire distance. On the first road turning to the west 
north of Oak Grove occurs tlie only outcrop of the Uniontown coal 
bed known in the township. . The following section, taken along this 
road, shows the stratigraphic position and general appearance of the 
beds: 


Section on road west of the mouth of Georges Run. 

Ft. In. 

* 


Limestone above Waynesburg “ B ” coal___ G 

Coal “ B,” with a thin layer ot' bluish lire clay above and below_ 2 G 

Shale and sandstone carrying one or two tiny coal smuts_ 30 

Coal “A,” mostly shale_ 6 

Shale, yellow, and thin-bedded reddish sandstone_ 3G 

Coal, Waynesburg, mostly shale_ 1 2 

Sandstone, thin-bedded, shaly looking, micaceous_ 10 

Shale, black (horizon of stray coal bed)_ 1 

Clay shale, yellow, and thin-bedded sandstone- 40 

Shale, black, very coarse_ 4 

Shale, brown_ 3 

Coal, Uniontown, coarse, black shale, with carbonaceous shale at bottom- 6 

Limestone, Benwood: 

Limestone, yellowish white, very hard, fractures dark blue_ 1 4 

Shale, yellowish_ 2 

Limestone, yellow and hard, very impure- 2 6 

Limestone, yellowish white, fractures steel gray- G 

Shale, yellow_ 8 

Limestone, yellow -=- 3 

Shale, yellowish_ 8 G 

Limestone, blackish, fractures buff, very hard- 2 6 

Sandstone, thin bedded- 3 

Limestone in several beds, reddish white, fractures steel gray, top 
bed pimply, bottom bed weathers in grooves and fantastic forms, 3 
Clay and shale below to bed of run. 


BUFFALO TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

The Finney syncline crosses the southwest corner of Buffalo Town¬ 
ship, in which a shallow basin occurs northeast of Coffeys Crossing. 
Southward along the bottom of the trough from the rim of this 
basin the rocks dip 50 feet to the south edge of the township. North¬ 
westward from this syncline the rocks rise to the Claysville anticline, 
the crest of which roughly parallels the west border of the township. 
The rocks exposed include those from the Waynesburg coal upward 
through the Washington formation and about 225 feet of the Greene. 

Prosperity and Claysville limestones .—The highest rocks in the 
geologic column of this township occur on the high ridge a short 
distance north of the Sugar Hill tunnel. This is practically in the 






















158 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


center of the Finney syncline. The Claysville limestone occurs in a 
small area occupying the high knob at the water tank. The exact 
thickness of this bed was not determined, but limestone was seen 
outcropping through a vertical distance of more than 20 feet, some 
of the layers being 1 foot or more in thickness. The Prosperity lime¬ 
stone is much thinner and occurs in a very poor exposure about 40 
feet below the Claysville limestone. 

Upper Washington limestone and coal and Donley limestone .—This 
group of beds lies from 80 to 90 feet above the Middle Washington 


limestone at most of the locations mentioned above. In the northern 
portion of the township the Upper Washington limestone shows at 
North Buffalo Church and on the ridge road both to the east and west 
of this place, also at the road forks east of the township line three- 
fourths of a mile southwest of the church, and again well up toward 
the top of the hill east of the road forks at the head of Pleasant 
Valley. This limestone also outcrops on the Buffalo and Coffeys 
Crossing road at the top of the hill east of Pleasant Valley. At this 
place the Upper Washington coal appears to be in two sections, at 3 
and 15 feet above the limestone. Opposite the pump house on the 
Washington and Coffeys Crossing pipe line some of the white beds of 
the Upper Washington limestone show, and at the foot of the hill the 
Jollytown coal and Middle Washington limestone are poorly exposed. 
A good section of the Upper Washington limestone and associated 
beds may be seen near the west end of the tunnel under Sugar Hill 
and also on the road southward from Coffevs Crossing. Southward 
from this point the outcrop lines of these beds rise to the Washington 
anticline and are exposed on the road south of South Buffalo Church 
and on the road leading to Lagonda up the middle fork of Buffalo 
Creek near the top of the divide. In the southwestern portion of the 
township the Upper Washington limestone outcrops at the tunnel 
east of Claysville and on the road northward from the National 
pike 1 mile east of town. 

Jollytown coal and Middle Washington limestone. —On the road to 
the north from North Buffalo Church the heavy yellow layer of the 
Middle Washington limestone is prominent in outcrop, and it is also 
exposed on the road to the east from the head of Pleasant Valley. At 
both these places the Jollytown coal is in two benches of 6 or 8 inches, 
separated by 15 feet of yellowish shale. The coal is 94 feet above 
the Washington coal and about 58 feet below the Upper Washington 
limestone. In Pleasant. Valley these beds cross the Buffalo and 
Coffeys Crossing road about 125 feet above the stream. The Middle 
Washington limestone is present on both sides of the valley of the 
middle fork of Buffalo Creek to its source. On the west fork of 
Buffalo Creek these beds are exposed to the township line, and on 
the first road to the west north of the National pike on this creek a 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSYILLE QUADRANGLE. 159 


good outcrop of the Middle Washington limestone occurs at the 
sharp bend in the road about three-fourths of a mile west of the rail¬ 


road. Along this stretch of road the Washington coal and its asso¬ 
ciated beds outcrop in several places. 

Lower Washington limestone and Washington and Little Wash¬ 
ington coals .—On Buffalo Creek the heavy layer in the Lower Wash¬ 
ington limestone is at least 2 feet thick and is very yellow, closely 
resembling the yellow layer in the Middle Washington limestone. 
These beds go under cover on the middle fork of Buffalo Creek just 
south of the “ S " Bridge on the National pike, on the east fork at 
Coffeys Crossing, and on the west fork 200 yards south of the Na¬ 
tional pike. At a cut on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of 
Taylorstown station these beds are finely exposed, and also on the 
road to the west just south of this place. Downstream from these 


points the A ashington coal rises to the crest of the Claysville anti¬ 
cline at Taylorstown. Up Pleasant Valley it crops out from the 
Blaine Township line to the forks of the road at the head of the 
stream. At several places along this valley the coal has been opened, 
but no mining is done at the present time. On the road to the north 
from North Buffalo Church the coal is being worked at the Imhoff 
bank. It is apparently of a somewhat better quality here than else¬ 
where, though an analysis of a carefully selected sample from this 
mine shows a high percentage of sulphur. On the road to the west 
from North Buffalo Church the Washington coal is exposed about 
halfway down the hill, at an interval of 112 feet from the Waynes- 
burg coal, which outcrops at the forks of the road at the bottom of 


the hill. 

Waynesburg and Waynesburg “A” and U B ” coals .—The Waynes- 

burg coal comes to the surface only along the south side of Brush 

Run at the north edge of the township. The “ B ” bed of this group 

is the only one exposed on the hillsides above Pleasant Valley. At 

the point where the Buffalo and Coffeys Crossing road intersects this 

valley it outcrops but a few feet above the stream in a bed 18 inches 

thick and 37 feet below the limestone called bv Stevenson the lb. 

«/ 


BLAINE TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 


The principal structural feature of Blaine Township is the Wash¬ 
ington anticline, which crosses the southwestern part in the vicinity of 
Taylorstown, having at this point a northeast-southwest trend. 
North of the village the crest of the anticline is unusually narrow, 
with a long, steep dip to the southeast and a very abrupt dip for a 
short distance to the west, beyond which the rocks for a long dis¬ 
tance are almost horizontal. Just south of Taylorstown the crest of 
(lie anticline pitches to a low, flat saddle, from which it rises to the 
dome north of Claysville. From this saddle a broad, flat, cross 


160 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


syncline, which narrows and deepens to the west, pitches off to the 
bottom of the deep basin in Donegal and Independence townships 
west of Acheson. Northeastward from this trough, which roughly 
follows the valley of Buffalo Creek, the rocks rise at a fairly uniform 
rate to the line of Hopewell Township. The rocks exposed are about 
300 feet thick, ranging from the upper beds of the Benwood limestone 
to a stratum a few feet above the Upper Washington limestone. 

Upper Washington limestone and coal .—These beds underlie a 
few small areas within this township. One is along the high ridge 
west of Taylorstown, another along the high crest north and east of 
the Neelv schoolhouse. There are also small areas of these rocks on 
the highest points to the northwest and southwest of the lower por¬ 
tion of Pleasant Valley and a doubtful exposure in one or two places 
near the west end of the ridge between Buffalo Creek and Brush 
Run. In most places the Upper Washington coal is represented by a 
few inches of black shale which locally carries a thin bed of coal. 
The Upper Washington limestone is somewhat thinner than it is 
in the townships to the south, but its characteristic milk-white lay¬ 
ers are in general prominently exposed. The following section on 
the road to the west from Taylorstown shows the relative position 
and prominence of the beds from the Little Washington coal to the 
Upper Washington limestone above: 


Section on road uphill west of Taylorstown. 


Ft. In. 

Sandstone, thin-bedded, micaceous, to top of hill-- 20 

Shale, black (Upper Washington coal)- 6 

Sandstone, thin, and shale- 6 

Limestone, Upper Washington- 9 

Sandstone, yellowish, and shale- 9 

Concealed_ 13 

Limestone, buff colored, in two layers- 1 6 

Shales, black and reddish_ 5 

Sandstone, thin; shale and concealed- 10 

Limestone, yellowish, very impure- 6 

Shale and sandstone_ 36 

Limestone, Middle Washington: 

Limestone, two beds, brownish to gray_-- 1 8 

Shale, brown to blue_ T - 4 

Limestone, thick yellow ledge_ 2 6 

Shale, light blue to red_ 1 

Limestone, pink, weathers ox-blood red_ 3 

Shale and clay above heavy bed of laminated sandstone, below 

whiUh is yellow shale, total_ 31 

Shale, black, locally carries coal_ 4 

Limestone, Lower Washington: 

Limestone, cherty, crumbly, with 1 foot of thin layers below_ 3 

Limestone, light gray, very hard- 2 

Sandstone, thin ; black shale and yellow clay_ 6 

Limestone, blue, very impure, reddish streaks_ 1 2 
























DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 


161 


Limestone, Lower Washington—Continued. Ft. in. 

Clay, blue, and shale_ 10 

Limestone, steel blue_ 0 

Shales, black and blue_ 9 

— — — — — — — — — —-— — — — _ _ — — — 


Coal, Washington: 

Coal_ 

Shale, blue __ 
Coal _ 


Shale, brown and black_ 3 

Coal _ 4 

Shale, coaly_ 4 

Clay or shale_ 1 

Sandstone, thin, and shale, containing bits of bituminous matter_ 16 

Coal, Little Washington_ g 

Clay or shale_ 1 

Sandstone and shale below. 


Joily town coal and Middle AY ashing ton limestone. —The Jolly- 
town coal bed is from 10 to 12 inches thick north of Buffalo Creek, 
but in the area to the south of this stream it seems to be represented 


by only a few inches of black friable shale. The heavy yellow bed 
of the Middle Washington limestone may be found from 72 to 78 
feet above the Washington coal at all points in the township where 
this horizon is exposed. The bed is not so prominent as it is in 
Hopewell and Independence townships, and in some places the top 
section seems to be wanting, though the heavy yellow bed character¬ 
istic of this member can always be found. 

Lower Washington limestone and Washing ton and Little Wash¬ 
ington coals. —The Washington coal and associated beds form the 
most prominent group outcropping in the township. They are char¬ 
acteristically exposed at the sharp bend in the road uphill west of 
Taylorstown. On the top of the hill 1 mile west of Taylorstown a 
ridge road branches northward to Buffalo Creek, on which this coal 
outcrops near its north end about 130 feet above the stream. The 
following section taken along this road gives a fair idea of the 
associated beds: 


Section on road to north from ridge road west of Taylorstown. 


Ft. In. 

Shale, black- 1 

Limestone in several heavy beds_ 10 

Sandstone, thick laminated, and shale_ 10 

Coal_ 4 

Shale___ 6 

Coal_ 2 6 

Shales, black and red_ 2 

Limestone, brown, in single heavy bed- 3 

Sandstone, thin, and shale- 15 

Coal, Washington- 6 


Sandstone, thin, and shale below, the Little Washington coal being con¬ 
cealed by rock mantle. 


3496—Bull. 318—07-11 

























162 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


The coal bed noted in this section is evidently directly above the 
Lower Washington limestone, though the heavy bed of limestone 
above may be the upper section of the Lower Washington. West¬ 
ward from this road the Washington coal next appears on the road . 
up Polecat Hollow near the sharp bend to the west. From this point 
it encircles the northern face of the hills to the township line. South- 
westward from the outcrop at Taylorstown the coal dips gently to 
the next exposure, which occurs on the road to the south from the 
ridge road west of Taylorstown, about halfway from the top of the 
ridge to the forks of the road. On the run to the south the outcrop 
line leaves the township at the road forks near its head, where the 
Little Washington coal and the Lower Washington limestone were 
found in fine outcrop. 

On the north side of Buffalo Creek the Washington, coal outcrops 
on the road to Buffalo opposite the residence of V. M. Blaney and 
shows in another fine exposure one-fourth mile farther north. West¬ 
ward the outcrop line of the coal encircles the hills well up toward 
their summits. The coal underlies a narrow strip along the crest of 
the ridge between Buffalo Creek and Brush Bun as far west as a 
point opposite the mouth of Haynon Run and outcrops on each side 
of Pleasant Valley, being about 150 feet above the stream at the 
Buffalo Township line. 

Waynesburg and Waynesburg “A” and U B ” coals. —These coal 
beds are somewhat prominent in Blaine Township, being in contin¬ 
uous outcrop on Brush Bun for the whole length of the township, 
with the Waynesburg coal from 20 to 80 feet above the stream. 
These beds also outcrop along Buffalo Creek from the mouth of 
Brush Bun to a point a mile east of the mouth of Polecat Hollow, 
where for a distance of half a mile the Waynesburg goes under cover, 
reappearing just west of the pumping station and remaining above 
the valley from this point to Taylorstown. This bed has been opened 
for mining in a number of places in both valleys, but owing to the 
poor quality of the coal few of these mines are now in operation. 

South of Taylorstown the Waynesburg coal goes under cover, but 
coal “A" outcrops on each side of Pleasant Valley almost to the 
township line. The outcrop of coal “ B ” on the hillsides above passes 
into Buffalo Township. This bed also conies to the surface for a 
short distance along the township line 1 mile southwest of Tavlors- 

t/ 

town. 

Uniontown coal and Berneood limestone .—These beds crop out along 
the base of the hills in the valley of Buffalo Creek from the mouth 
of Brush Run to a point a short distance east of the mouth of Polecat 
Hollow. At this run the Uniontown coal is about 8 inches thick, 
hard and blocky, and it is separated from the upper beds of the 
Benwood limestone by about 1 foot of black shale. Along Brush 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSYILLE QUADRANGLE. 163 


Klin fr°m its mouth these beds are probably under cover for less than 
a mile. The rise of the rocks in this direction is much greater 
than that of the stream bed. At the fork of the roads on this stream 
the coal outcrops in the bluff a few feet above the road. East of 
this point the group is exposed at many places along the valley road 
to a point within a mile of the township corner. At no other place 
in the township does it show, except for a short distance in the bed 
of Buffalo Creek at Taylorstown, where the crest of the Claysville 
anticline brings it to the surface. 

c_2 

DONEGAL TOWNSHIP, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Donegal Township lies along the western slope of the Claysville 
anticline. The bottom of the Burgettstown syncline crosses its 
extreme northwest corner. Southwestward from this point the rocks 
rise steeply, culminating in a dome about H miles north of Clays¬ 
ville. From this dome a broad anticlinal nose juts out to the west, 
crossing Dutch Fork about a mile south of Budaville. Southward 
from this anticline the rocks dip at a high angle, reaching the north 
end of a shallow trough near Dutch Fork, 1 mile northwest of Coon 
Island. From this point the bottom of the trough appears to extend 
a little west of south, leaving the quadrangle a short distance north 
of Wheeling Run. Recognizable outcrops are so scanty that with 
the time allotted to the work it was not possible to determine pre¬ 
cisely the lay 7 of the rocks in this locality. From the bottom of this 
trough eastward the rocks rise to the Claysville anticline, the crest 
of which crosses Dutch Fork about 1 mile west of Claysville, with 
a general northeast-southwest trend. The rocks exposed range from 
the Uniontown coal upward through the Washington formation and 
include about 300 feet of the lower part of the Greene formation. 

Prominent beds of the Greene formation .—In the southern part 
of Donegal Township, along the high ridges dividing the headwaters 
of Dutch Fork, Wheeling Creek, and Robinson Run, several thin 
beds of limestone have been noted. The most prominent of these 
limestone beds in East and West Finley townships is about 265 feet 
above the Upper Washington limestone and usually shows as a single 
dark rusty ledge at least 15 inches thick. It occurs at the road forks 
on top of the first ridge south of the National pike and about 1 mile 
from the west border of the quadrangle. At the first road to the 
south on the ridge west of Coon Island the Claysville limestone out¬ 
crops in several small white ledges that closely resemble those of 
the Upper Washington limestone. The Claysville limestone, to¬ 
gether with a thinner bed about 30 feet above, also shows in a 
number of places on the ridges southeast of the above-mentioned 
location, the rise of the rocks in that direction keeping them well up 
toward the crest line. 


164 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Donley and Upper If ashing ton limestones. — I lie tops of the Donley 
and Upper Washington limestones are from 40 to 55 feet apart in 
Donegal Township. They underlie a narrow strip along the top 
of the ridge between Buck Run and Dutch Fork, from the high 
bluff south of Buffalo Creek to the top of the dome north of Clays- 
ville. West of Dutch Fork, owing to the westerly dip of the rocks, 
these beds outcrop lower down on the hillsides, and are present under 
a considerable area along the west border of the quadrangle from 
Doo- Run to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, both beds going under 
cover near the point where the railroad crosses the west boundary 


of the quadrangle. At Coon Island the outcrop line of the Upper 
Washington is about 165 feet above the village. It encircles the head 
of the southern tributary of Dutch Fork, caps the high hill to the 
southeast of the village, and outcrops along the heads of both the 
northern and southern tributaries of Dutch Fork eastward to the 
tunnel at the divide beyond Claysville. At this tunnel the Upper 
Washington coal lies directly above the top layers of the Upper 
Washington limestone, and but 10 or 15 feet of blue and brown shale 
lies between this coal and the Donley limestone above. 

Jollytown coal and Middle and Lower Washington limestones .— 
The Jollytown coal in this township consists of less than a foot of coal 
and shale, and occurs from 5 to 25 feet above the Middle Washington 
limestone. The Middle Washington limestone is much thinner and 
the individual beds are less massive here than in Independence and 
Hopewell townships. In several places the limestone does not .show, 
and in onty a few exposures could it be positively identified. The 
Lower Washington limestone occurs in two benches separated by 
1 to 5 feet of shale, each bench being made up of one heavy layer 
from 1 to 2 feet thick, accompanied by one or two thin layers, the 
total thickness of the bed varying from 5 to 20 feet. This limestone 
overlies the Washington coal at a distance of 15 to 35 feet, and is 
always present where this coal outcrops. 

Washington coal. —The outcrop line of the Washington coal 
extends on the hillsides well up toward the heads of the small trib¬ 
utaries of Buck Run, Buffalo Creek, and Dutch Fork. In Dog Run, 
southeast of Dunsfort, the coal goes under cover at a small waterfall 
made by projecting ledges of the Lower Washington limestone. At 
this outcrop the Washington coal, which is about 5 feet thick, is 
broken only by relatively thin partings of shale and appears to be of 
a better quality than usual. This is the general condition of the bed 
at all points at which it was examined on Buffalo Creek and Buck Run. 
South of Budaville, on Dutch Fork, the coal occurs in two benches, 
divided by 3 to 5 feet of yellowish shale. About 1 mile north of Coon 
Island the coal has been opened in a number of places and its condi¬ 
tion is about the same as on Dog Run. From this point the rise of 


165 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 

the rocks toward Coon Island is sufficient to keep the coal a few feet 
above the stream, and in the road opposite the slaughterhouse it occurs 
in two benches, with several feet of shale between. Less than a mile 
south of Coon Island the coal goes under the bed of the run and does 
not show at any point to the south in the Claysville quadrangle. Up 
Dutch Fork, toward Claysville, the coal rises at about the same rate 
as the bed of the run. The last outcrop noted on this stream is near 
a short lane to the north from the National pike, 1 mile west of Clays¬ 
ville. It probably goes under cover in the bed of the run a short dis¬ 
tance west of the steel plant. At all outcrops noted on this run from 
Coon Island eastward, the coal occurs in two or more benches sepa¬ 
rated by black or reddish shale, and it does not appear to be of eco¬ 
nomic value. 

I Vaynesburg and IF aynesburg “A” and “ B coals .—For a mile or 
more west of the mouth of Buck Run the Waynesburg coal outcrops 
along the base of the hill to the south of Buffalo Creek, but the steep 
westerly dip carries it under cover before the first crossing is reached. 
On Buck Run it outcrops on both sides of the valley to a point within 
three-fourths of a mile of Donley, where it goes under cover. This 
coal is prominent and has been opened in several places for mining, 
though most of the mines have since been abandoned owing to the 
poor quality of the coal. On Dutch Fork the anticlinal nose crossing 
south of Budaville brings the Waynesburg coal to the surface for a 
mile or more, but the dip of the rocks in both directions from the axis 
soon carries the coal under cover. The Waynesburg “A” and “ B ” 
coals have the same general distribution in the township as the 
Waynesburg, though, being above this coal, they are exposed over a 
larger area. On the south side of Buffalo Creek, west of the mouth 
of Dutch Fork, these coals outcrop in a continuous line to the edge of 
the quadrangle. 

Uniontown cool and Benwood limestone .—The Uniontown coal 
barely comes to the surface in the bed of Buck Run, about 100 yards 
south of its mouth. It is directly underlain by the Benwood lime¬ 
stone. These beds occur along Buck Run for half a mile, but beyond 
that place go under cover. 

EAST AND WEST FINLEY TOWNSHIPS. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

The geologic conditions are so nearly identical in East and West 
Finley townships that it is thought advisable to discuss them together. 
The trough of the Finney syncline passes through the center of this 
area, having a northeast-southwest trend. The bottom of this trough 
is uneven, being lowest at the south border between Robinson and 
Templeton runs. One-half mile south of Hair schoolhouse, in 
this syncline, the bottom of a small shallow basin is 80 feet higher. 
Northward from this point the trough is broader and very flat, leav- 


1G6 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


ing East Finley township at the point where the north line of the 
township crosses Buffalo Creek. From this trough the rocks rise 
eastward to the Washington anticline and westward to the Claysville 
anticline. On Wheeling Creek, west of the Claysville anticline, the 
rocks dip steeply to a trough which heads in Donegal township, north¬ 
west of Coon Island. In this area the rocks, though wrinkled, have 
a maximum difference of level of less than 200 feet. The rocks 
exposed at the surface include a vertical section extending upward 

from the base of the Middle Washington limestone for a distance of 

/ 

about 550 feet. 

Prominent beds of the Greene formation. —In this connection will 
be considered only those beds that are prominent enough to be of 
value as geologic markers over rather extensive areas, a detailed 
description of the areal distribution of each outcropping bed not 
being within the scope of this paper. A limestone bed that is some¬ 
what prominent lies about 100 to 120 feet above the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone, and is here called the Prosperity limestone. Its 
maximum thickness is 8 or 10 feet. Ledges of this bed weather cream 
to bluish gray, resembling somewhat the Upper Washington lime¬ 
stone. The thickness changes greatly from place to place, but the 
bed is recognizable over most of Fast and West Finley townships. 

In the higher points along the Claysville-Burnsville pike from 
Fargo to the south border of the quadrangle and on the divide be¬ 
tween Robinson and Wheeling runs, a persistent bed of limestone 
occurs in two or three thick rusty-black layers, somewhat resembling 
the Donley limestone, and at all points easily distinguishable from 
the associated beds. This bed is about 2G0 feet above the Upper 
Washington limestone. 

Upper Washington limestone and coal , Donley limestone , and 
Sparta coal, —These beds are exposed only along the sides of the 
deeper valleys. On Rocky Run the Upper Washington limestone 
outcrops in the village of Gale, and the other beds of the group are 
exposed on both sides of the valley. These outcrops form a belt on 
both sides of the valley to its mouth, the dip in the rocks being a 
little less than the fall of the creek bed. On Templeton Run this 
belt of outcrop encircles the base of the hills on each side of the val¬ 
ley from the south border of the quadrangle to the road forks If 
miles south of Pleasant Grove, near which place the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone goes under cover. 

On Robinson Run at the south border of the quadrangle the Upper 
Washington limestone outcrops on the sides of the valley 125 feet 
above the stream,' but at Good Intent it is at the foot of the hill. 
Upstream the rise of the rocks increases for some distance, the Upper 
Washington limestone going under cover in the run about 1 mile be¬ 
yond the township line between East and West Finley, near the Bell 


detailed geology of claysville quadrangle. 167 

and McDonald wells. The Upper Washington coal disappears be¬ 
tween this point and the first road to the north. This coal is 18 
inches thick and was once opened on the south side of the run. In a 
* ei 7 sma ll way this bank is yet operated from time to time, the total 
pioduction from it, however, being very small. This coal bed shows 
on northern tributaries of Robinson Run. On the first road to the 
north, near the township line, it has been opened both by entry and 
by stripping. The section is as follows: 


Section of Upper Washington coal near Robinson Run. 

Ft. In. 

Shale, black_ 4 

Coal, hard and blocky_ 1 

Clay, dark blue_ 4 

Coal, shaly___ q 

On Beham Run in the extreme southwest corner of the quadrangle 
this group of limestones and coals outcrops on both sides of the valley 
for about a mile from the south border. At the point where the 
Donley and Upper Washington limestones go under cover on the 
west fork of this run these beds present the following section: 


Section of rocks on Beham Run. 

Ft. In. 

Sandstone and shale____ 

Limestone, Donley, single dark lichen-covered ledge, very tough, flesh 

colored on fresh fracture, coarse grained, with crystals of calcite_ 3 

Sandstone, coarse, yellowish, thin bedded_ 3 

Clay, yellowish to blue_ 4 

Shale, black_ 3 

Coal (Upper Washington), with thin shale partings_ 12 

Shale, black and coarse_ 2 

Clay and thin sandstones and shale alternating__ 3 

Limestone, Upper Washington: 

Limestone, white, dark gray on fresh fracture, very brittle_ 1 6 

Limestone, light yellowish, light gray on fresh fracture, fine 

grained _ 1 2 

Clay or shale, gray_ 1 

Limestone, very white, brittle, breaks in thin layers, light bluish 

gray_ 1 6 

Sandstone, thin bedded, reddish, micaceous, and shale_ 8 

Limestone (poorly exposed), in several heavy dark-blue layers, 
very hard and tough_8-9 


The Donley limestone usually occurs in two beds having a total 
thickness of 3 to 5 feet. Otherwise the section given above is char¬ 
acteristic of the beds in this vicinity. Between 25 and 30 feet above 
the Donley limestone is the Sparta coal, which is from 12 to 18 
inches thick. The coal was not seen at this point, however, its 
horizon being covered by a mantle of loose rock. 



















108 OTL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 

On Wheeling Run the Upper Washington limestone comes to the 
surface three-fourths of a mile northwest of Elvilla. From this 
point the rocks dip westward so steeply that at the schoolhouse on 
the road to the south the Upper Washington limestone (with the 
Upper Washington coal 8 feet above) is 00 feet lower than at the 
first outcrop mentioned. The Donley limestone and Sparta coal 
occur at their regular intervals above the Upper Washington 
limestone. 

In the northeast corner of East Finley Township, in the basin of 
Buffalo Creek, this group of beds outcrops well up toward the heads 
of the tributaries of this stream. One-half mile north of Pleasant 
Grove, on the road to Claysville, the Donley limestone outcrops half¬ 
way down the hill. About 200 yards farther north, opposite the 
first house to the east, the lower section of the Upper Washington 
limestone appears. The rocks dip to the northeast, north, and north¬ 
west from this point. Northwestward the rocks dip to the bottom 
of the Mansfield syncline, where the Upper Washington limestone 
occurs in the bed of Sawhill Run half a mile west of the Sawhill 
schoolhouse. From this point northward the rocks rise gently to 
the next outcrop noted, which is on the road to Claysville, 200 yards 
north of the Sawhill schoolhouse. Within the limits of the Clavs- 
ville quadrangle to the south of Rocky Run this group of coals and 
limestone comes to the surface in a small area alone: the bottom of 
the deeper valleys. On the western fork of the road to the south 
from East Finley the Upper Washington limestone outcrops in the 
road on the boundary line of the quadrangle and in the bed of the 
stream a short distance north of this point. The white layer at the 
top of this bed is 14 inches thick, and on fresh fracture shows the 
characteristic black mottled color. Neither the Donley limestone 
nor the coal beds are exposed here. On Rocky Run the Sparta coal 
is unusually thick. It has been opened for mining in a number of 
places, but because of the great variations in thickness and quality 
of the coal, all of these banks have long since been abandoned. On 
the road to the north, one-eighth of a mile from East Finley, in an 
entry driven 80 feet into the hill, this coal is said to have varied 
from 6 inches to 34 feet in thickness. Those who have used it say 
that the best is somewhat rusty in color, makes a hot fire, and leaves 
a small amount of white ash. Where noted in outcrop the bed is 
from 6 to 18 inches thick and very friable, with a number of shale 
and clay partings. 

Jolly town coal and Middle Washington limestone .—These beds 
come to the surface in only a few places in these townships. On 
the road to the west from Buffalo Creek at the north boundary of 
East Finley Township the Middle Washington limestone is only a 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 169 


few feet above the creek valley. The Jollytown coal, which outcrops 
in several places along the road for half a mile, rises steeply to the 
west. Southward along Buffalo Creek from the -township line the 
Middle Washington limestone is barely above the creek. It out- 
crops at the road forks near the mouth of Sawliill Run and in the 
west bank of the creek at the next fork of the road to the south. On 
the road to the southeast from this point the limestone again outcrops 
at the next road forks. On Robinson Run the Middle Washington 
limestone does not outcrop north of Good Intent, but at the forks of 
this run just west of the point where it crosses the township line 
between East and West Finley the dolly town coal barely comes to 
the surface in the road at the south end of the bridge. The coal here 
is unusually thick for this bed, showing the following section: 


Section of Jollytown coal on Robinson Run. 

Ft. In. 

Shale, yellow__ 10 

Coal_ 6 

Shale, blue and yellow_ G 

Coal_ 6 

Clay, red_—- 2 

Coal _ 1 

On the creek road to the south of Good Intent a section of the rocks 
from the Donley limestone to about the horizon of the Middle 
Washington limestone was obtained, as follows: 

Section on side of valley south of Good Intent. 

Ft. in. 

Limestone, Donley- 3 6 

Sandstone, thin bedded- 15 

Shale, black (probably Upper Washington coal)- 2 

Shale or clay, blue- 3 

Limestone, Upper Washington (top section)- 8 

Shale and clay, with 1 foot of black shale at bottom- 15 

Limestone, Upper Washington (lower section)-G-8 

Sandstone and shale- 44 

Limestone in two or three thin layers, embedded in blocky brown shale; 

limestone whitish in color, dark gray to steel blue on fresh fracture— 1 G 

Shale below to creek bed. 


Just beyond the south boundary of the quadrangle, below the junc- 
tion of Templeton and Rocky runs, the Middle Washington limestone 
outcrops in the stream bed. On Wheeling Creek a coal bed, doubt¬ 
fully considered the Jollytown, was opened years ago on the south 
side of the run about three-fourths of a mile from the west border of 
the quadrangle* near the east edge of the Frazer farm, but at no 
other point in this basin was either of these beds found in outcrop. 
















170 OIL AND gas; OHIO ; WEST VIRGINIA; PENNSYLVANIA. 


NORTH AND SOUTH FRANKLIN TOWNSHIPS, WASHINGTON 

COUNTY. 

The western half of North and South Franklin townships is 
traversed from northeast to southwest by the Washington anticline. 
The bottom of the Nineveh syncline, toward which the rocks in that 
half dip steeply, is just off the area to the southeast. The outcrop¬ 
ping rocks range from the Washington coal to a bed about GO feet 
above the Claysville limestone. 

Prosperity and Claysville limestones .—These limestones are ex¬ 
posed in small areas along the higher points of the watershed east of 
the basin of Chartiers Creek, from Point Lookout to Van Buren. 
They also occur in one or two places on the high ridge between 
Chartiers and Tenmile creeks. West of Tenmile Creek they outcrop 
in several places along the western side of the townships. The 
Prosperity limestone is the heavier in this area, has a bluish appear¬ 
ance, and shows dark blue on fresh fracture. The Clavsville is 
thinner and whiter, some of its beds resembling the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone. Few good measurements of the intervals between 
these beds and the Upper Washington limestone were obtained, as it 
was not necessary to use them in determining the structure of these 
townships. 

Upper Washington limestone and coal, Donley limestone , and 
Sparta coal. —A typical outcrop of the Upper Washington limestone 
as it occurs in this vicinity is exposed near the tollgate on the ceme¬ 
tery hill southwest of Washington. At this point the Donley lime¬ 
stone crops out in one or two heavy ledges at the highest point of 
the pike over this hill. The outcrop lines of these beds are clearly 
marked by quarries around the hillsides for some distance to the 
west, and also to the south as far as reservoir No. 3. On the east 
side of Chartiers Creek from reservoir No. 3 southward the beds dip 
gently, going under cover near the head of the stream. They 
reappear on top of the divide between Tenmile and Buffalo creeks, 
where all the members of this group are exposed, the Donley lime¬ 
stone only 25 feet above the Upper Washington limestone, with the 
Upper Washington coal between. The Donley is directly overlain 
bv a few inches of shaly coal, which may possibly be all that remains- 
of the Sparta bed, though this coal may outcrop still higher on the 
hillside to the west. To the south, along the western slope of Ten- 
mile Creek, the beds dip slightly for a distance, then rise slowly over 
the Washington anticline, then dip again steeply to the southeast. 
On the east side of the hill east of Tenmile Creek the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone is finely exposed and has been quarried for road 
material. On the road from Pleasant Grove to Lagonda, one-fourth 
mile northeast of Tenmile Creek, the Upper Washington limestone 
is well exposed just east of the residence of Mr. Tannis, where the 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 171 


Upper Washington coal is less than 6 inches thick. Near the first 
road fork northeast of this location the Upper Washington lime¬ 
stone crops out on the road to the west, and also on the road to the 
east toward Van Buren. About half a mile east of this point the 
Upper Washington limestone has been quarried on the east side of 
the valley just above the road. Here it is 42 feet lower than at the 
last outcrop mentioned. Farther south it is exposed on both sides 
of this run to a point a little beyond Van Buren, where, the dip to 
the south is so abrupt that it is carried under cover near the town¬ 
ship line. At the Crossroads schoolhouse, 2 miles east of Van Buren, 
the white ledges of the Upper Washington limestone, which show 
black to dark mottle on fresh fracture, are only a few feet above the 
run, the top of the Donley limestone being 22 feet higher. Up the 
run to the northeast from this location the Upper Washington, lime¬ 
stone rises at about the same rate as the bottom of the run to the 
first road forks, where it goes under cover. Just west of the Plymire 
well the Sparta coal shows 18 inches thick in the bed of the run. On 
the first road directly north of this point it occurs at the foot of the 
hill with at least as great a thickness. From the Crossroads school- 
house northward up the valley road the Upper Washington and 
Donley limestones outcrop at the first road to east. Farther upstream 
both the Upper Washington coal and the Sparta coal show in a num¬ 
ber of places as far as the Andrews well, south of Point Lookout. 

On the first road to the west from the Prosperity pike just south 
of Lagoncla the Upper Washington limestone crops out at almost the 
highest point on the road, and at the first road forks on the township 
line to the north the Donley limestone is exposed. Half a mile far¬ 
ther north the Upper Washington limestone and coal outcrop on the 
crest of the ridge, the coal being 13 feet above the limestone. From 
this point the outcrop line swings around the heads of the tributaries 
to Chartiers Creek to the exposure in Canton Township at the rock 
quarry south of Woodell. Good exposures of these beds are so 
numerous over this township that it is not necessary to describe all of 
them. A sufficient number of those in the basins of Chartiers and 
Tenmile creeks have been mentioned to admit of their identification. 

J oily town coal and Middle Washing ton limestone .—This group 
outcrops on the Prosperity and Pleasant Grove road on the hillside 
west of Tenmile Creek in front of the third house to the north. The 
coal is 18 feet above the heavy yellow bed of the Middle Washington 
limestone. On the Prosperity-Claysville road west of Tenmile Creek 
the heavy yellow bed shows at the head of the little run, where this 
road starts up the hill. The Jollytown coal was not seen at this 
place, but on the next road to the north it crops out 95 feet above the 
exposure of the Washington coal at the brick schoolhouse in the val¬ 
ley. In the basin of Chartiers Creek these beds outcrop at the foot 


172 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


of the hill north of Point Lookout, near the head of reservoir No. 3. 
From this point the outcrop of the Middle Washington limestone and 
Jollytown coal encircles the hills in a continuous line on the east side 
of the creek southward to a point on the Prosperity pike opposite 
the third road to the west, south of Lagonda. On the west side of 
the valley the heavy yellow bed of the Middle Washington limestone, 
with the Jollytown coal from 15 to 25 feet above, is present oil all 
the roads leading to the west. 

Lower W ashington limestone and AY ashing ton and Uttle Wash¬ 
ington coals .—This group of beds shows on both sides of Chartiers 
Valley from West Washington to a point 3 miles south of Lagonda. 
The Lower Washington limestone is rather heavy and at many places 
is overlain by a stray coal bed from G to 14 inches thick. Where the 
Washington anticline crosses the headwaters of Tenmile Creek the 
Washington coal is brought to the surface for a mile or more. It 
occurs at the road forks east of the Mannon oil well about 25 feet 
above the valley. To the north it goes under cover in the bed of the 
run just south of the brick schoolhouse. At this point it is only 12 
feet lower than at the Mannon well. South of this well the coal is 
exposed as far as the first road to the west leading to Pleasant Grove. 
Up this road it outcrops at the junction of the first road to the south. 
Down the valley road to Prosperity the stray coal above mentioned, 
overlying the Lower Washington limestone, is exposed in several 
places. The coal is at least 1 foot thick, embedded in 2 or 3 feet of 
black shale. The Lower Washington limestone occurs in unusually 
heavy beds along this valley and closely overlies the Washington coal. 

In the valley of Chartiers Creek, 1 mile south of Lagonda, the 
steep dip to the southeast soon carries the Washington coal under 
cover, but to the northwest its outcrop line extends some distance up 
the tributaries of Chartiers Creek. This coal is about 5 feet thick, 
including several shale partings, and has been opened in several 
places along the creek, but it is of so inferior a quality that most of 
the banks have been abandoned. The Little Washington coal in- 
variably accompanies this coal. At some places it is 16 inches thick, 
hard and blocky, and remarkably free from shale partings. 

MORRIS TOWNSHIPS, WASHINGTON AND GREENE COUNTIES. 

It q*ll be noted by examining the map (PL X, pocket) that the 
Washington and Greene County line, which separates the two Morris 
townships, enters the Claysville quadrangle about 1 mile southwest 
of Old Concord. From that point it has an easterly direction to the 
top of the high ridge, half a mile south of that village, and thence 
follows the ciest line of this v T atershed, leaving* the quadrangle 
on its east border half a mile south of Dunns Station. Only that 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 173 


portion of Morris Township, Greene County, included in the quad¬ 
rangle to the south of this line will be discussed. 


The axis of the Nineveh syncline enters the quadrangle from the 
south, about 1 mile west of West Union, trends north-northeastward 
to the eastern boundary of the quadrangle, near the Crossroads school- 
house. The rise of the rocks from this trough is steep in both direc¬ 
tions, the greatest ascent being toward the dome on the Washington 
anticline lying southeast of Pleasant Grove, near the corner of East 
Finley, Morris, and South Franklin townships. The maximum dif¬ 
ference in level of the key rock within the area is about 285 feet. 
The geologic section outcropping ranges from a bed a few feet below 
the Middle Washington limestone upward through the remainder of 
the Washington formation and about 500 feet of the Greene for¬ 
mation. 

Nineveh limestone and coal. —At a number of places on the high 
ridge between Washington and Greene counties a foot or more of coal 
and black shale, from 10 to 15 feet above a rather heavy bed of white 
to cream-colored limestone, was found well up toward the top of the 
hill. Owing to the ease with which these beds are recognized and 
their frequency of outcrop in an east-west line, they make valuable 
geologic markers. The distance of the coal above the Upper Wash¬ 
ington limestone can not be very accurately determined, but it is 
approximately 325 feet. This is about the horizon of the Nineveh 
coal and the Nineveh limestone, though this correlation is by no 
means positive. North of Tenmile Creek the high ridge from Find¬ 
leys Mill to Van Buren catches these beds only at the point where it 
is crossed by the trough of the Nineveh syncline. The coal was noted 
at the forks of the road to the north of the schoolhouse on this ridge 
and again near the first forks of the road about the same distance to 
the south of this schoolhouse. At both places the bluish to cream- 
colored beds of the Nineveh limestone were seen. 

Upper AY ashing ton coal , Donley limestone , and Sparta coal. —The 
Upper Washington coal is usually represented by thin layers of black 
shale containing streaks of coal. It is subject to abrupt changes, 
however, and at the forks of the road near the Hogue well, one-half 


mile east of Old Concord, it is as much as 14 inches thick. Near the 
head of Crafts Run one outcrop of this coal 3f feet thick was noted. 
This is the maximum measurement obtained in the Claysville quad¬ 
rangle. The outcrop of the Donley limestone is everywhere closely 
associated with that of the Upper Washington limestone. In this 
region the beds are not over 35 feet apart. Along Short Creek the 
Donley limestone is separated from the Sparta coal by a massive 
sandstone bed from 10 to 25 feet thick. The Sparta coal comes to the 
surface only along the sides of the valleys of Short and Tenmile 


174 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIKGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


creeks and at the head of Rocky Run east of Gale. Just north of 
Sparta, on the Day farm, it is 18 inches thick and has been mined in 
a small way by stripping. As a rule, however, the coal is thin and its 
quality so poor that extensive operations are unprofitable. This coal 
outcrops on the road from Sparta to Mount Zion Church, at the 
point where the road leaves the valley to ascend to the top of the 
ridge. It probably outcrops on both sides of the valley from Sparta 
to Old Concord and is the bed exposed at several places along the 
road from Old Concord to Gale. . 

Upper Washing ton limestone .—At no point within the portion of 
Greene County shown on the map does this bed come to the surface, 
but in Washington County it outcrops on both sides of the valley of 
Tenmile Creek from its source to the east edge of the quadrangle. 
The trough of the Nineveh syncline crosses this stream near its 
junction with Short Creek, where the Upper Washington limestone 
lies in the bed of the creek. Here the bottom of the trough is wide 
and for half a mile both up and down the stream the rocks are 
practically level. At Lindleys Mill the limestone is 60 feet higher. 
From this place to Prosperity it barely keeps above the bottom of the 
valley, but from that point to the north, northwest, and west the 
rise is so steep that at the township line on Tenmile Creek the lime¬ 
stone is 100 feet above the stream, and near the sharp bend in the 
road to the south from Crafts Run near the old McDowell mill site 
it is about 110 feet above the valley. From this outcrop westward 
the strike of the rock is almost parallel with the course of the stream, 
the limestone being exposed in the valley a short distance northeast 
of the Joint schoolhouse. On Short Creek the Upper Washington 
limestone is barely under cover from its mouth to the village of 
Sparta, where it shows in the bed of the stream for a few hundred 
yards. Halfway from Sparta to Old Concord the Hogue Avell shows 
this limestone 13 feet from the surface. On the road to the north, 
near the parsonage at Old Concord, a limestone outcrops, which is 
probably the Upper Washington. On the road to Mount Zion 
Church from Sparta the limestone goes under cover m the run oppo¬ 
site the second house to the west of the road. Here the black mottled 
ledges of this bed are finely exposed. To the north of Tenmile 
Creek the Upper Washington limestone does not outcrop again in 
Morris Township, unless it comes to the surface in the bed of the 
run for a few hundred yards at the township line south of the Cross- 
loads schoolhouse and also for a short distance on the next run to 
the south. 

Middle Washington limestone and Joily town coal .—At the point 
where Tenmile Creek crosses the north boundary of Morris Town¬ 
ship, Washington County, the Middle Washington limestone is only 


DETAILED GEOLOGY OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE. 175 


a few feet above the valley. The southward dip carries this bed 
under cover a short distance south of this point. Up Crafts Run to 
the west the limestone comes to the surface just east of the first road 
to the north. Here the massive yellow ledge characteristic of this 
bed is finely exposed. These are the only exposures of the Middle 
Washington limestone noted in both townships. No outcrop of the 
Jollytown coal was seen, though its horizon is doubtless exposed 
wherever the Middle Washington limestone comes to the surface. 
The coal is probably present, but at the points examined it is con¬ 
cealed by a mantle of loose rock. 


APPENDIX. 


The following tables give a description of the points used for 
bench marks, with the original and adjusted elevation. The numbers 
agree with those* printed in red on the surface structure maps of 
each quadrangle. The red crosses show the general location of the 
benches. The numbers and elevations printed in italic denote the 
bench marks on primary lines. Bench marks established on sec¬ 
ondary lines are given with two elevations, the original and adjusted, 
the adjusted being the elevation corrected for the error of closure 
between two points of a primary line, or between a primary line 
and a previously adjusted secondary line. 

Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle. 


No. 


1 

2 

S 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 
13 
U\ 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 


60 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 
29 
SO 

31 

32 
S3 I 
35 

35 

36 

37 

38 


Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Aluminum tablet at southeast corner of court-house. 

Feet. 

Chiseled square on southeast corner of coping stone, stone arch over 
Fourth street. 


Chiseled square on rock above spring. 


Top of south rail opposite station, Mingo Junction. 


Chiseled square on south side of stone bridge No. 47. 


Chiseled square on northeast corner of coping, stone bridge No. 48. 

Cross cut on lower stone, south side, east end of tunnel. 


Top of south rail, opposite New Alexandria station. 


Bronze tablet in top stone of northwest abutment of bridge_ 

Top of north rail at road crossing. 


Railroad bench mark at north end of arch culvert, GOO feet east of Fern- 
wood station. 


Chiseled square on northeast abutment of iron bridge over Cross Creek 
Top of north rail at road crossing. 


Railroad bench mark on northeast abutment of bridge No. 51... 
Railroad bench mark on northeast corner of coping stone of bridge 
No. 52. 


Railroad bench mark on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 53 
Railroad bench mark on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 54 

Top of stone corner post at end of stone wall. 


Aluminum tablet in southeast corner of foundation of WintersviUe 
Church. 


Cross cut in stone on east side of road at junction. 


Cross cut in southeast corner of bridge. 


Aluminum tablet in stone abutment of bridge to waterworks 

Cross cut in stone step of schoolhouse. 


Cross cut in stone at southwest corner of crossroads, Pekin . 

Bronze tablet in southwest pier of bridge over Island Creek.. 

Cross cut in stone step of Island Creek Church. 


Aluminum tablet in southeast corner of stone foundation of Knoxville 
Church. 


Top of post on north side of road. 

1,284.18 

Cross cut in stone at southeast corner of crossroads. 

Cross cut in bottom tier of stone, northeast abutment of bridge over 
road. 


Chiseled triangle in stone in center of road. 


Bronze tablet in northeast corner of stone foundation of brick church 
Cross cut in stone at southeast corner of road intersection. 

South end of platform, 2 feet east of track, Lazearville ... 


Top bolt at southeast corner of iron bridge over Cross Creek 

Bolt at south end of supporting board to platform, Cross Creek station 
Top of north side of stone culvert No. 4. 


Top of post marked “ E 2”. 


176 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 

715.58 

715. 4 3 
697. 4 0 
675.50 
671.70 
675.85 
709.63 

750. 70 

751. 29 
771.20 

777.15 
781.18 
786. 76 
801.28 

810.66 

828.58 

836.58 

1,023.89 

1,255. 78 
1,258.77 
1,135.51 
662. 70 

1.163.96 
1,150.29 

787.68 

1.282.96 

1,279.66 


1,172.58 

653.22 
1,185.73 
1,259.13 
1,195.29 

666. 05 
656.38 

673.23 
669.53 
671.31 






























































APPENDIX. 


177 


Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle —Continued. 


Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Top of post marked “D 1”. 

Feet. 

Bolt on‘supporting board to sand sidewalk. 


Northwest corner of bridge No. 41. 


Southeast corner of stone abutment of wagon bridge. 


Chiseled crowfoot in northwest corner of covered bridge over Cross 
Creek. 


Cross cut in bowlder 100 feet north of schoolhouse. 


Cross cut in rock on east side of road at intersection. 


Stone in center of road. 


Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

1,238.76 

1,196.16 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

Aluminum tablet in northwest abutment of railroad bridge at Colliers 
Station. 

Bolt in northeast corner of bridge to pumping station. 


Cross cut in coping stone in southeast corner of bridge No. 89. 


Cross cut in stone on northwest pier of iron bridge over Kings Creek ... 


Stone in road at northwest corner of Kings Creek station .. .. 


Bronze tablet in large bowlder 100 feet south of church. 


Cross cut in stone atf fork of roads. 


Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

816. 77 

Cross cut in southeast corner of bridge over Kings Creek. 

Cross cut in stone at intersection of roads. 


Cross cut in southwest abutment of covered bridge over Cross Creek_ 


Aluminum tablet in southwest corner of bridge over Cross Creek. 


Cross cut in stone at northeast corner of road intersection. 


Cross cut in stone at road intersection. 


Cross cut in stone at road intersection. 


Cross cut in stone on north side of road. 


Cross cut on stone milepost at Fowlersville. 


Cross cut in stone at crossroads. 


Aluminum tablet in stone horse block. 


Root of beech tree on east side of road. 

978. 33 

Painted spot on north end of bridge. 

1,041,56 
1,064,87 
1,098.80 

1, 049. 94 
786. 69 

Painted spot on stump on south side road, 10 feet east of junction. 

Nail in bar post on north side of road, 500 feet east of brick house. 

Nail in foot of mail-box post in center of grassplot. 

Painted spot on southeast wing wall of iron bridge. 

Painted spot on southeast wing wall of iron bridge. 

730. 04 

Painted spot on northeast abutment of stone arch of railroad bridge_ 

Nail in foot of signboard post. 

698. 53 
1,289.98 
1,220.63 

Painted spot on end of tile culvert. 

Nail in post at junction of private road. 

1,204.11 

Top of mail-box post. 

1,248.64 

Painted spot on stone opposite brick house. 

1,230.86 

Painted spot on south end of wooden culvert. 

1,219.76 

Painted spot on horse block. 

1,171.84 
1,195. 93 

Painted spot on south end of stone culvert. 

Painted spot on stone culvert,. 

1,229. 90 

Pa inted spot, on root, of locust tree. 

1,181.02 

Painted spot on culvert at road intersection. 

748. 55 

Top of \y T ater plug at glass compativ’s plant,. 

715. 88 

’EVoc in street railroad onnosite nark entrance. 

733. 74 

Paintpd snot, at south pnd of road orossinff. 

682.18 

Ton of rail at road crossing . 

677. 94 

Painter! spot at junction of roads. 

1,040.57 

StOTIP fit foot of fpnP.P Dost . 

1,166.21 

Root of laree oak tree, on summit . 

i; 147. 78 

Paintpd snot on lnrP’P stonp. at road intPTSPOtion. 

' 876. 58 

Pointprl cnot on small hridp’p npar road 1 ntPTSPOtion. 

811.13 

Pn i n fpd snot on south past, ahiitmpnt. of hridcp. 

738.24 

Ground at foot of mail -box nost . 

1,177.26 

rirnnnd at foot, of tplpnhonP nolp .. 

h 217. 54 

dron nd at foot, of mail-box nost ..... 

1,228.36 


1,192.66 
1,199.70 

Poot of 1 op list, trpp . 

Pointer! snot on lowpr hoard of P'atPDOSt,. 

1,212. 59 

ft ton p at foot of mail- ho v nost ..-. 

1,160.44 


1,086.49 



851.08 


1,205.11 

Pointed snot on hridce ... 

1,129.90 


1,067.84 

D.iinlnrl ondt r \n loii/^r hmiril of fPTlPP OOTM)si t,P SO h OOl llOllSe. 

1,106.41 

1,183.76 


QriAf ofnno nnHor aonthoast POrnpr of Wa?OIl Sllpd. 

1,158.43 
1,018.10 


Paintorl annt on onn of Iop* at road i n tpr.spption. 

1,095.57 

1,198.74 


Ground at foot of F. Dickey’s mail-box post . 

1,267.86 


3496—Bull. 318—07-12 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 

69k. 01 
713.61 
672.08 
672. 4 0 

722.18 
753.1,9 
1,139.29 
1,008.73 


823. 60 
776.56 ' 
74 1.90 
693.58 
669.81 
703.72 
1,016.1,2 


753.39 
1,165.70 
75k. 35 
78k. 02 
1,159. 47 
1,2k2.36 

1.230.77 
1,229. 76 
1,236. 73 
1,198.67 
1,000. 9k 

978.09 
1,041.32 
1,064.63 
1, 098.56 
1,049. 70 
786.45 
729. 80 
698.29 
1,289.75 

1.220.30 
1,202.58 
1,247.10 
1,230.62 

1.219.52 
1,171.60 
1,195. 69 
1,229.66 
1,180. 78 

748. 31 
715. 64 
733.51 
681.94 
677. 71 
1,040. 34 
1,166.96 

1.148.78 
877.88 
812.53 
739.74 

1,177.02 

1.217.30 
1,228.12 
1,192.43 
1,199.46 
1,212.36 
1,160.21 
1,086. 26 

1.272.53 
849.18 

1,203.21 
1,128.00 
1,065.94 
1,104.51 
No tie. 
No tie. 
No tie. 
1,095.33 
1,198.50 
1,267. 62 





































































































178 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 



Feet. 

Feet. 

117 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,260.88 

1,260.64 

118 

Painted spot on lower board of fence at corner. 

1,157. 73 

1,157.50 

119 

Top of stone step of south door of Two Ridge Church.. 

1,262.10 

1,261.87 

120 

Ground at foot of J. Bremer’s mail-box post. 

1,247. 85 

1,247. 62 

121 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,241.20 

1,240.97 

122 

Painted spot on stone in center of erassplot. 

1,244. 77 

1,244.54 

123 

Ground at foot of mail-box post opposite church.. 

1,224.94 

1,224.70 

124 

Top of stone (Surrey mark) at private road. 

1,130.12 

1,129. 89 

125 

Painted spot on abutment of iron bridge ... 

813.80 

813. 56 

126 

Painted spot on east end of wooden culvert. 

1,053. 92 

1,053. 42 

127 

Painted spot on stone culvert at road intersection. 

1, 197.42 

1,196.62 

128 

Ground at foot of mail-box post.. 

1,144.67 

1,143.67 

129 

Root of large oak, 300 feet north of house. 

1,146.33 

1,144.88 

130 

Painted spot on culvert. 

1,059. 93 

1,058.53 

131 

Painted spot at road intersection, opposite schoolhouse. 

994. 53 

992.78 

132 

Root of wild cherry on west side of road. 

1,096.94 

1,095.04 

133 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,086. 30 

1,084.20 

134 

Nail in signboard post. 

1,142. 61 

1,140.41 

135 

Painted spot on end of wooden culvert. 

1,069.50 

1,067.20 

136 

Painted spot on northwest abutment of iron bridge. 

1,000.54 

998.10 

137 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,125.94 

1,123.50 

138 

Painted spot on top of stump at bend of road. 

1,074.97 

1,072.57 

139 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

1,222.85 

1,222.45 

140 

Painted spot on east end of tile culvert. 

1,240.50 

1,240. 05 

141 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge. 

1,032.36 

1,031.89 

142 

Ground at foot of foundation post of corn crib. 

1,172.00 

1.171.53 

143 

Ground at foot of marked fence post. 

1,239.35 

1, 238.81 

144 

Painted spot on stump on west side of road. 

1,247.74 

1,247.13 

145 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at schoolhouse. 

1,220.60 

1,220. 00 

146 

Painted spot on lower board of fence at southeast corner of road inter¬ 
section . 

1,178.85 

1,178.17 

147 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1, 182. 07 

1, 181. 32 

148 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

921.26 

920.44 

149 

Painted spot on top of stump at northwest fence corner. 

1,217.97 

1,217.01 

150 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,174.84 

1,173. 88 

151 

Stepping block in front of house. 

1,157.19 

1,156. 09 

152 

Ground at foot of marked post at sharp turn. 

955.06 

953. 96 

153 

Painted spot on stone at stream crossing. 

892.22 

891.12 

154 

Root of locust tree at northeast corner of road intersection. 

1,165. 99 

1,164.89 

155 

Root of locust tree at northwest corner of road intersection. 

1,188.21 

1,187.11 

156 

Painted spot on large ledge of sandstone. 

917.36 

916.26 

157 

Painted spot on wooden culvert. 

836. 48 

836. 24 

158 

Painted spot on small bridge near intersection of roads. 

880.57 

880. 33 

159 

Painted spot on wooden bridge. 

738. 99 

738.59 

160 

Painted spot on bridge over Island Creek. 

688. 32 

687. 92 

161 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

696. 91 

696. 51 

162 

Painted spot on end of culvert. 

977.14 

976. 54 

163 

Top of east rail at road crossing. 

698. 21 

697. 97 

164 

Painted spot on lower board of fence in southeast corner... 

946.89 

946.64 

165 

Ground at foot of signboard post. 

993.31 

993. 65 

166 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

1,104.11 

1,103.76 

167 

Painted spot on lower rail of fence. 

1,211.01 

1,210.61 

168 

Ground at foot of signboard post. 

1,226.44 

1,226.02 

169 

Painted spot on rock. 

1,162.45 

1,162.00 

170 

Painted spot on top of big stump. 

1.209. 64 

1,209.16 

171 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

1,125.52 

1,125.02 

172 

Stone at foot of telephone pole. 

1,196.79 

1,196.19 

173 

Painted spot on west end of small wooden bridge. 

1,220.38 

1,219.75 

174 

Painted spot on end of wooden culvert. 

1.199.43 

1,198. 70 

175 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

1,146.43 

1,146.68 

176 

Ground at foot of marked telephone pole. 

1,226.89 

1,226.09 

177 

Ground at foot of marked fence post. 

1,161.20 

1,160.38 

178 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of covered bridge. 

835.65 

834.75 

179 

Painted spot on large stone.'. 

1,184.90 

1,183.90 

180 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

1,221.60 

1,220.60 

181 

Painted spot on fence board. 

1,222.07 

1,221.00 

182 

Painted spot on west end of retaining wall opposite church. 

1,243. 84 

1,242. 72 

183 

Ground at. foot of mail-box post. 

1,141.84 

1,140.60 

184 

Painted spot on northwest abutment of covered bridge over Kings Creek. 

863.19 

861.89 

185 

Painted spot on rock at junction of streams. 

836. 91 

835.00 

186 

Root of large tree. 

825.04 
829. 69 

823.72 
828. 36 

187 

Painted spot on second board of fence at private road. 

188 

Painted spot on large rock at road intersection. 

804.43 

803.10 

189 

Painted spot on rock at approach to foot bridge. 

776. 25 

774.92 

190 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of iron bridge over Kings Creek.. 

742.25 

740. 90 

191 

Ground at foot of telephone pole, private road to east. 

757. 03 

755. (58 

192 

Painted spot on rock at stream crossing. 

848. 63 

847. 28 

193 

Painted spot on rock at road intersection... 

966. 28 

964. 93 

194 

Painted spot on west end of tile culvert. 

817.90 

816.55 

195 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

674.29 

674. 04 

196 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

698.47 

698.22 

197 

Root of oak tree at sharp turn in road. 

873.98 

873.73 





























































































No. 

198 

199 

200 

201 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 

207 

208 

2U9 

210 

211 

212 

213 

214 

215 

216 

217 

218 

219 

220 

221 

222 

223 

224 

225 

226 

227 

228 

229 

230 

231 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

238 

239 

240 

241 

242 

243 

244 

245 

246 

247 

248 

249 

250 

251 

252 

253 

254 

255 

256 

257 

258 

259 

260 

261 

262 

263 

264 

265 

266 

267 

268 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

276 

277 

278 

279 


APPENDIX. 


179 


Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle —Continued. 


Description. 


Painted spot on small bridge at road intersection.. 

Painted spot on large rock. 

Painted spot on rail of fence. 

Painted spot on stone at root of large oak tree. 

Painted spot on stump at private road. 

Painted spot on fence board at private road. 

Painted spot on end of fence board. 

Painted spot on end of tile culvert.. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post.. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post.. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at road intersection.. 

Painted spot on stump. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at road intersection. 

Painted spot on end of rail at private road. 

Painted spot on end of fence at crossroads. 

Painted spot on stump in center of grass plot., 

Painted spot on stump at entrance to house. 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Painted spot on rail opposite road in woods... 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole, 600 feet east of road to north.... 

Root of large oak tree opposite schoolhouse. 

Top of post in center of grass plot. 

Painted spot on top of stump. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at private road .,. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road to north. 

Ground at foot of signboard post. 

Painted spot on stone on east end of culvert. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at private road... 

Painted spot on end of culvert at road intersection. 

Painted spot on rock at junction of roads. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole. 

Painted spot on rock at road intersection. 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

Painted spot on rail of fence. . 

Root of tree on north side of road, east of private road. 

Painted spot on east end of culvert. 

Ground at foot of gatepost, entrance to barn. 

Painted spot on foundation of small building at road intersection 

Painted spot on large rock at road intersection. 

Root of locust tree 100 feet east of road intersection. 

Painted spot on end of overhead bridge. 

Ground at foot of gatepost. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at turn in road. 

Root of triplet tree at junction of roads. 

Ground at foot of marked fence post at corner. 

Painted spot on board of fence 400 feet south of house. 

Painted spot on east end of culvert at crossroads. 

Painted spot on lower board of fence at private road. - - 

Root of locust tree. 

Painted spot on stone at private road. 

Painted spot on small bridge 300 feet west of house. 

Painted spot on large rock at private road. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole on summit. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at private road. 

Top of north rail at Crawfo.d crossing. 

Top of east rail 300 feet south of station. 

Painted spot on east side of road. 

Ground at foot of gatepost. 

Painted spot on end of log by stream. 

Root of large oak tree opposite small house. 

Painted spot on lower board of fence.- -. 

Painted spot on foundation log at southwest corner ot barn. 

Painted spot on northwest abutment of covered bridge. 

Painted spot on iron pipes opposite oil well. 

Ground at gatepost...-. 

Painted spot on large stone at road intersection. 

Root of large oak tree at road intersection. 

Painted spot on large stone. 

Top of post at road intersection. 

Ground at foot of post at private road.-. 

Painted spot on stone by watering trough... 

Painted spot at junction of roads ... 

Painted spot on southwest end of bridge .. 

Painted spot on small bridge at turn in road ..-. 

Painted spot on lower board of fence at road intersection. 

Root of lanre locust tree at road intersection. 

Painted spot on culvert at private road.. 

Painted spot on culvert at schoolhouse. 

Painted spot at sharp turn in road... 

Painted spot on lower fence rail on summit. 


Original 

elevation. 


Feet. 

848. 21 
907.13 
1,165.58 
1,189.67 

1.261.92 
1,117.25 

1.128.24 
1,081.21 
1,205.34 
1,087.07 
1,122. 94 

920. 61 
1,184. 57 
1,191.38 
1,269.07 

1.200.93 

1.208.89 

1.124.24 

903.16 
1,083.65 ; 
1,211.16 

1.213.94 ! 
1 , 110.22 
1,212. 06 
1,186.12 
1,047.10 

780.40 
708.26 
781.15 I 

834.11 

888.12 j 
1,191.66 

1.195.54 
1,212.97 ; 

938.62 

1,185.11 

944.49 I 
897.92 

1.191.90 

1.214.55 
1,140. 73 

790.17 
818. 94 

1,148. 76 
1,170.30 

1.233.90 

1.200.53 
1,198. 33 

957.67 
1,164.00 
1,089.02 

887.49 
782.81 I 
838.72 | 
902. 86 

770.18 

723.41 
700. 79 
923.08 

1,016.89 
857.70 
1,018.12 
1,151.50 
1,227.09 
858. 88 
973.10 
1,020.32 
1,005.32 
1,129.34 
1,043.42 
917. 43 
925. 85 
1,033.16 
1,125.58 

790.67 
1,023.30 
1,213.86 

1.197.54 
1,052.60 
1,032.12 
1,115.03 
1,245. 80 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 

847. 96 
906.88 

1.165.33 

1.189.42 
1,261.67 
1,117.00 
1,127.99 
1,080.96 
1,205.09 
1,086.82 
1,122.69 

920.36 
1,184.32 
1,191.13 
1,268.82 
1,200. 68 
1,208.44 
1,124.00 

902.91 
1,083. 40 
1.210. 04 
1,212.82 
1, 109.10 
1,210.94 
1,185.00 
1.045.98 
779.78 
707J4 
780.90 

833.86 

887.87 
1,191.41 
1,195.29 

1.212.72 

938.37 
1,184.>0 

944. 4 4 
895.83 
1,190. 78 

1.213.43 
1, 139.61 

789.05 
817.82 
1,147.64 
1,169.18 
1,232. 70 
1,200.12 

1.197.73 
958.01 

1.164.34 
1,089. 36 

887..S3 

783.15 
838. 47 
902.61 
768. 93 

723.16 
700. 54 
922. 38 

1,016.19 
857.00 
1,016.52 
1,149.90 
1,225.49 
858.63 


Bad tie; 
7.14 feet 
low. 


925.60 
1,032.91 
1,125.33 
789. 55 
1,022.70 
1,212.66 
1,196.24 
1,051.10 
1,030. 52 
1,113. 33 
1,245.57 











































































































180 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 


280 

281 

282 

283 

284 

285 

286 

287 

288 

289 

290 

291 

292 

293 

294 

295 

296 

297 

298 

299 

300 

301 

302 

303 

304 

305 

306 

307 

308 

309 

310 

311 

312 

313 

314 

315 

316 

317 

318 

319 

320 
321 

322 

323 

324 

325 

326 

327 

328 

329 

330 

331 

332 

333 

334 

335 

336 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341 

342 

343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348 

349 

350 

351 

352 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 

358 

359 

360 

361 


Description. 


Painted spot on small bridge. 

Painted spot on stone at private road.j 

Painted spot on small bridge...! 

Ground at foot of guy pole to telephone pole. i 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at private road. j 

Painted spot on large rock on east side of creek.:_ 

Root of tree at sharp turn in road.j 

Ground at foot of fence post at northeast corner of road intersection.... [ 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road intersection.j 

Painted spot on stone at road to south. 

Painted spot on stone culvert at road to south. 

Ground at foot of corner post at road to north. ! 

Painted spot on end of culvert at road to south. 

Painted spot on lowest rail of fence at road to south. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole opposite cemetery.| 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road to north.. 

Root of .stump near house. 

Ground at foot of marked fence post..._.j 

Ground at foot of large elm, 300 feet Avest of house.'. 

Painted spot on flat stone at road to south. 

Painted spot on end of culvert opposite house.j 

Root of walnut tree at sharp turn. 

Root of elm tree at bend in road. 

Painted spot on stone at junction of roads. 

Ground at foot of fence post opposite church. 

Painted spot on foot log over stream. 

Painted spot on stump at private road. 

Ground at foot of signboard post at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on stone at footbridge opposite house.. 

Painted spot on small bridge opposite brick house. 

Root of large oak tree.:_ 

Ground at foot of fence post at road intersection. 

Root of large cherry tree at road intersection. 

Painted spot on end of rail opposite private road. 

Painted spot on stone at road to south. 

Ground at foot of fence post at turn in road. 

Painted spot on stone culvert at private road. 

Painted spot on culvert at sharp turn in road. 

Ground at foot of electric-light pole. 

Painted spot on street crossing... 

Painted spot on southeast end of small bridge at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on stump at crossroads.| 

Top of step at schoolhouse.. 

Painted spot on end of wooden culvert at junction of roads.”” 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

Cross cut on southeast corner of iron bridge seat. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on stone culvert at road intersection. 

Giound at foot of fence post at road intersection. 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

Painted spot on stone culvert at road intersection. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at junction of roads. 

Root of oak tree at road intersection. 

Root of walnut tree at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on second rail of fence at road intersection. 

Top of stake at road intersection. 

Ground at foot of marked fence post. 

Painted spot on northwest end of iron bridge. 

Painted spot on southeast end of dividing wall of railroad bridge....... 

Painted spot on large rock at road intersection. 

Painted spot on southeast corner of iron bridge. 

Painted spot on stump at private road... !.!!!!! 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

Root of large oak tree by schoolhouse. 

Painted spot at road intersection. ”'"" 

Ground at foot of locust tree at road intersection.. 

Root of large oak tree at private road.] ’ ’ 

Cross cut in stone at southwest corner of bridge. 

Painted spot on southwest corner of iron bridge by schoolhouse.” 

Painted spot on stone on summit.*.. 

Root of tree at private road. 

Root of large oak tree at road intersection. "!!!!"!!!!!! 

Painted spot on small bridge. ’ ’ 

Painted spot on end of rail at road intersection. 

Painted spot on north end of stone culvert.* ’ 

Painted spot on southeast foundation log of coal platform . 

Painted spot on stump at junction of roads. 

Root of large oak tree... 

Painted spot on stump on west side of road.I!!!!!!!!!.’!”.*'.!'.* 

Root of oak tree on north side of road at intersection.* ” ‘ 

Painted spot on large stump on south side of road at intersection' 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 


Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

863.26 

863.03 

1,189. 05 

1,188.55 

909. 03 

908.53 

1,217.87 

1,216. 75 

811.34 

811.00 

686. 08 

687. 08 

880. 89 

882. 39 

1,028.55 

1,030.35 

1,225. 94 

1,228.00 

1,227.61 

1,227. 38 

1,237.21 

1,236.98 

1,226. 99 

1,226.76 

1,145. 95 

1,145.72 

1,227.94 

1,227.71 

1,235. 29 

1, 235.06 

1,262.00 

1,261.77 

1,262.06 

1,262.56 

1,199. 82 

1,200.59 

1,203.46 

1,203.23 

1,149. 75 

1,149.52 

1,176.97 

1,176.74 

1,160.07 

1,159.67 

981.13 

980. 63 

904. 93 

904.33 

1,099. 84 

1, 099.14 

1,001.52 

1,002.52 

1,017.39 

1,017.16 

840.83 

840.70 

797. 40 

797.27 

963. 59 

963. 46 

941. 27 

941.04 

846. 26 

846. 00 

1,231.01 

1,230.71 

1,237.82 

1,237.42 

1,257.38 

1,257.15 

1,161.20 

1,160. 97 

1,006.48 

1,006.25 

958. 67 

958. 44 

754.46 

754. 23 

736.26 

736. 03 

901.61 

901.38 

1,132.22 

1,132.00 

1,155.70 

1,155.47 

1,144.23 

1,144.00 

777. 78 

777. 55 

737. 36 

737.13 

1,178.82 

1,178.59 

1,062.87 

1,062. 64 

986. 69 

986. 46 

1,077.06 

No tie. 

1,181.15 

No tie. 

1,128. 45 

No tie. 

964. 72 

No tie. 

1,128.19 

No tie. 

1,097.89 

No tie. 

726.16 

725.96 

905. 77 

705.57 

729. 88 

729. 68 

781.30 

781.10 

793. 83 

793.63 

821.87 

821.67 

1,001.31 

1,003.08 

1,207.51 

1, 209.28 

1,184.11 

1,185.84 

1,236.35 

1,238.12 

1,162.75 

1,162.55 

1,131.05 

1,130.85 

671. 31 

671. 31 

843. 33 

843. 33 

1,198.08 

1,198.08 

763.33 

763.33 

1,114.12 

1.113.88 

1,130.77 

1,130.53 

1,139. 54 

1,139.30 

813.11 

812.89 

971. 32 

971.10 

973. 36 

973.14 

1,240.23 

1,240.01 

777.08 

776. 85 

1,133. 71 

1,133.48 

979. 88 

979. 65 

1,103. 37 

1,103.14 






































































































APPENDIX. 


181 


Bench marks in Steubenville quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

362 

Painted spot on northwest corner of iron bridge 

Feet. 

866.24 
1,152.09 
1,073.83 
1,088.71 
766. 60 

Feet. 

866.00 

363 

Painted spot on end of rail . 

364 

Root of large oak tree at junction of roads. 


365 

Ground at foot of mail-box post ... 


366 

Painted spot on south end of culvert west of junction of roads 


367 

Painted spot on stump at road intersection 

714. 80 
. 971.97 

705. 60 
755.40 
797. 84 
976. 46 
1,015.16 
882.58 
886.67 
807.71 


368 

Painted spot on large sand rock. 


369 

Ground at foot of signboard post. 


370 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge ... 


371 

Painted spot on stone on west side of road.. 


372 

Painted spot on end of rail fence. 


373 

374 

Ground at foot of mail-box post .. 


Root of oak tree on west side of road ... 


375 

Painted spot on small bridge. 


376 

Ground at foot of signboard post at road intersection 





Bench marks in Burgettstown quadrangle. 

No. 

Description. 

Original 
elevatic n. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

1 

Square cut on northeast abutment of bridge No. 29, Pennsylvania Rail¬ 
road . 

Feet. 

Feet. 

i nnn 

2 

3 

Copper nail on root of large oak tree on east side of road.. 

Square cut on southeast abutment of iron bridge. 


1,026.51 
9k6. 63 

QQfl Q<H 

4 

Copper nail in root of white oak tree on east side of road 150 feet south 
of forks . 


5 

Painted spot on rock at southwest corner of crossroads in Bavington . 


976.42 

6 

Aluminum tablet on east end of south abutment of bridge ... 


920.87 
901. 9k 
900 96 

7 

Square cut on northeast end of bridge seat. 


8 

Square cut on northeast abutment of small iron bridge... 


9 

Painted spot on rock at east end of seweT. 


957. 86 
978. k 2 
983.25 

10 

Copper nail on root of large sugar tree on east side of road. 


11 

Painted spot on root of white oak tree to east at road intersection. 


12 

Bronze tablet on northeast abutment of iron bridge . 


877 08 

13 

Square cut on rock on east side of road. 

. 

885.89 
1,158.11 

1.153.28 
1,196.87 

l,2k8.62 

1.107.28 

1,185.60 
1,051.8k 
1,196. 4 9 
1,21k. 05 
1,153. k9 

1,282.58 
1,185.1 6 
1,025.98 

lk 

Copper nail on root of white oak tree on south side of road. 


15 

16 

Copper nail on stump of small oak tree on south side of road. 

Copper nail on root of black oak tree at northeast corner of crossroads. .1. 

17 

Copper nail on root of white oak tree on south side of road, 500 feet 
east of crossroads. 


18 

Top of small bridge at foot of hill. 


19 

Standard B. M. Frankfort: Aluminum tablet on north foundation wall 
of A. Vance’s heirs’ brick dwelling. 


20 

Floor of small bridge at foot of hill. 


21 

Top of stump on east side of road at forks to west by schoolhouse. 


22 

Copper nail on root of large white oak tree in field on west side of road. 


23 

Top of stone under mail box at forks to west. 


2k 

Standard B. M. Florence: Aluminum tablet in east foundation wall of 
0. K. Simpson’s dwelling . 


25 

Wire nail on gatepost at forks to east . 


26 

Nail in root of large white oak tree 40 feet east of road . 


27 

Copper nail on root of wild cherry tree on north side of road on summit . 


1,181.5k 
1,17k. 31 
1,136. 96 

28 

Painted spot on horse block at northeast corner of crossroads at Cork.. 


29 

Square cut on rock on west side of road . 


SO 

Copper nail in root of white oak tree on south side of road at top of 
hill . 


1,188.8k 

1,233.88 

31 

Bronze tablet on southeast corner of foundation wall of J. E. McCul¬ 
lough’s store . 


32 

Aluminum tablet in south foundation wall of Burgettstown National 
Bank . 


999. 18 

33 

Square cut on limestone rock at west side of road . 


1,021. 98 

3k 

Aluminum tablet on northeast wing wall of covered bridge . 


1,036.77 

1,079. 4 5 
1,083.71 
1,131.23 
1,130.11 
1,208. 70 
1,29 k. 4 9 
/, 302.80 

35 

Copper nail on root of white oak tree on east side of road opposite 
schoolhouse . 


36 

Top of rock at small bridge . 


37 

Painted spot on culvert at crossroads. 


88 

Square cut on large rock on north side of road. 


39 

Copper nail in root of black walnut tree on north side of road. 


k o 
k 1 
k 2 
k 3 
44 

4 5 

4 6 

Copper nail in root of white oak stump on south side of road. 


Aluminum tablet in south wall of J. M. Griffith’s dwelling. 


Top of rock to north at road to east. 


1,281. Ik 
1,113.33 

Copper nail on root of elm tree on south side of road. 


Painted spot on east end of sewer at road to north. 


1,08k.97 
1, 058. 37 

Top of rock at northwest corner of forks of road to west. 


Bronze tablet on east end of abutment of railroad bridge south of coal 
mine. 


1,02k. 79 
















































































































V I 

5 

5: 

5, 

5. 

5, 

5t 

5, 

5i 

Si 

6 ( 

6 

6i 

6i 

61 

61 

61 

61 

6f 

6< 

7( 

7] 

75 

7c 

74 

11 

7f 

77 

78 

79 

8C 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110 

111 

112 

113 

114 

115 

116 

117 

118 

119 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 
Bench marks in Burgettstown quadrangle —Continued. 


Description. 


Copper nail in south end of station platform at Menden. 

Copper nail in south end of station platform at McConnell’s mills. 

Top of south rail at private crossing. 

Square cut on east end of north abutment of bridge. 

Bronze tablet on south end of west abutment of bridge over road. 

Square cut on rock north side of track.•. 

Square cut on south end of east abutment of bridge over road. 

Square cut on bridge seat of bridge over wagon road. 

Square cut on south end of east abutment of bridge over Cross Creek... 
Square cut on south end of east abutment of bridge over Cross Creek .., 

Top of rail at road crossing. 

Square cut on southwest corner of bridge seat over road.!! ! . 

Square cut on top of south end of west abutment of large iron bridge... 
Bronze tablet on north end of east abutment of railroad bridge over 

Cross Creek. 

Spike in northeast corner of overhead bridge support...!!!!!!!!!."."."..! 
Aluminum tablet on north end of east abutment of bridge No. 25 over 
road. 


Original 

elevation. 


Feet. 


Railroad bench mark on south end of east abutment of bridge No. 24. 

Bronze tablet on coping at northeast corner of bridge No. 32. 

Bronze tablet in southeast corner of foundation wall of Freshwater’s 
house.. 


Painted spot on northwest corner of covered bridge ....!!!!. !!!!." 

Copper nail on root of large white oak tree.!!!!!!!!! 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at corner of schoolhouse lot. 

Ground at loot of telephone pole opposite Doorman’s house. 

Ground at foot of signboard post at road intersection.!!!!!!!!!!!! 

Painted spot on root of oak tree at road to south.!!.!.!!!!! 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road to north.. 

Stone at foot of telephone pole at road to Hanlan.!!!!!!!!!!! 

Painted spot on stone at corner of fence at road intersection.. 

Stone at foot of telephone pole at road going south. 

Painted spot on small bridge near private road. 

Painted spot on end of log at small culvert near house.!!!!!!!!!! 

Painted spot on end of culvert. 

Painted spot on northwest abutment of covered bridge"!!!!!. 

Painted spot on south end of small bridge. 

Stone at foot of gatepost on north side of road at summit !!!! . 

Block at foot of fence post at road intersection. 

Stone at foot of gatepost at road intersection. 

Painted spot on bridge. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of black oak tree at road intersection 
Painted spot on gas pipe at northwest corner of road intersection .!’ 

Ground at foot of corner fence post. 

Painted spot on end of log over culvert. 

Painted spot on southwest abutment of covered "bridge!! !!!”"”*! 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of wooden bridge. 

Top of north rail at Dinsmore station. 

Painted spot on stone at junction of road. !!"........!.!] . 

Painted spot on east end of wooden culvert at road intersection". 

Stone at foot of gatepost near yellow house. 

Painted spot on southwest corner of bridge. 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge at road intersection. 

Stone at foot of telephone pole at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of flag pole at schoolhouse 

Painted spot on stone at foot of telephone pole at road to south. 

Painted spot at foot of fence post by mail-box post. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of mail box post at road intersection!! 
tainted spot on stone at foot of telephone pole at road intersection" 
Painted spot on stone at foot of telephone pole at road to north 
Ground at foot of guy post at northwest corner of crossroads ...!!!! 
Ground at foot of mail-box post at road to south 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road to Independence. 

Southeast end of covered bridge 2± miles east of Eldersville" 

Southeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Small bridge I mile west of crossroads. 

Stone at foot of telephone pole opposite church .. 

Stone at foot of signboard post at junction of roads . 

Root of large oak tree at road to north. !!!!!!!!!! . 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of iron bridge over Raccoon Creek 

Painted spot on iron bridge 800 feet south of schoolhouse. 

Southeast abutment of covered bridge over Raccoon Creek 

Root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on bridge. !!!!!! 

Root of dead tree opposite house. !!!!!!! 

Painted spot on log at culvert at road Intersection!!!!."!!!.. 

Ground at foot of gatepost opposite house. 

Painted spot on stone at junction of roads.! 

Painted spot on northeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Painted spot on northeast abutment of iron bridge_ !!!!!!!!! 

Stone between two trees at junction of roads. 

Stone at foot of signboard post at road to south....!!!!! 


1,211.90 
1,207.75 
1, 254.61 
1,290.09 
1,259. 23 
1,264.65 
1,234. 49 
1,215. 55 
1,090. 76 
1,109.09 
971.03 

942. 79 
1,021.05 
1,188.68 

1.188.33 
1,196.73 
1,022.53 
1,210.10 
1,215.00 

1.261.34 
1,168.89 
1.047. 27 
1,022.22 
1,060. 06 
1 , 112.11 

981. 33 

943. 43 
893. 96 
875. 95 

1,018. 79 
1,084.21 
1,274.26 

1.267.35 
1, 263. 48 
1,262. 97 
1, 346. 73 
1,316. 39 

1.170.17 
1,288. 35 
1,074. 28 
1,051.62 
1,107.30 
1,290. 39 
1,305.20 
1,228.00 

992.11 

982. 90 
970. 70 

1,161.64 
995.16 
1,171.98 
1,083. 07 
1,166.53 
969. 64 
923.41 
953. 22 
1,173. 70 

1.227.17 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 

996. 71 
997.51 
1,196. 20 
1,170.58 
l,m.62 
1,096.29 
1,087.50 
1,056. 98 
1,026.28 
1,008.23 
985. 08 
956. 70 
912.97 

905.83 
875.27 

1,110. 67 
1,025.10 
952.18 

1,159.92 
987.07 
1,083. 73 
1,211.70 

1.207.55 
1,254.41 
1,289. 89 
1,259.03 

1.264.55 
1, 234. 49 
1,215. 55 
1,090. 70 
1,109. 00 

971. 00 
942.69 
1.020. 85- 
• No tie. 
1,188.13 
1,196.53 
1,022.23 
1,209. 70 
1,214.45 
1,260. 74 
1,168. 89 
1,047. 62 
1,022. 62 
No tie. 
No tie. 
981.33 
943.43 
893. 96 
876. 20 
1,018. 94 
1,084.21 
1,274.00 
1,267.15 
1, 263. 30 

1.262.97 
1,346.06 
1,315.62 
1,170.17 
1,288.35 
1,074.28 
1,051.62 
1,107.30 
1,290.39 
1,305.20 
1,228.25 

992. 61 

983.65 

971.65 
1,161.64 

995.16 

1.171.98 
1,083.07 
1,166. 73 

969.84 
922. 54 
952. 37 
1,172.86 
1,226.33 









































































































APPENDIX. 


183 


Bench marks in Burgettstown quadrangle —Continued. 



126 

127 

128 

129 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137 

138 

139 

140 

141 

142 1 

143 

144 
1 15 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

160 
161 
162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 
181 
182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 
19 L 

192 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 
201 
202 

203 

204 

205 

206 
207 


Description. 


Painted spot on southeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Root of stump opposite pump station. 

Stone at foot of telephone pole at road intersection."_ 

Stone at foot of post at northeast corner of fence at crossroads. 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at private road. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at private road. 

Painted spot on small bridge.’ ' 

Painted spot on limestone on east end of culvert.!!!_ 

Ground at foot of signboard post at road intersection.]. 

Square cut on southwest abutmentof covered bridge. 

Ground at foot of guy post in grass plot. 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

Painted spot on small culvert.. 

Ground at foot of signboard post at road intersection. 

Painted spot on floor of iron bridge.. 

Ground at foot of corner fence post of schoolhouse yard. 

Painted spot on culvert at turn in road. . 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

Painted spot on stone on west side of road at road to east. 

Root of oak tree I mile east of junction of roads. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

Root of large oak Pee at junction of roads. 

Painted spot at root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on west end of small bridge.1. 

Root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

Stone at foot of oak tree at crossroads. 

Small wooden bridge 0.7 mile north of breast of dam. 

End of culvert at entrance to house on east side of road. 

End of culvert at junction of roads. 

Ground at center of grass plot at road to north.,. 

Ground at center of grass plot at road to east. 

Ground at foot of post, private road to east. 

Small log at end of culvert at crossroads.’. 

Painted spot on end of culvert at North Star Jersey farm. 

Ground at foot of northeast corner post of fence at crossroads. 

Painted spot on root of oak tree at road to east. 

Small bridge at junction of roads. 

Ground at corner of stable at road to north. 

Large oak tree at road to west. 

Root of oak tree at crossroads.. 

Root of oak tree opposite schoolhouse at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on iron bridge at Virsoix post-office. 

Square cut on stone at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on end of stone cribbing near bridge opposite house. 

Painted spot on root of oak tree at road to south. 

Ground at foot of fence post back of milk platform. 

Painted spot on root of oak tree by schoolhouse at junction of roads 

Ground at fence post at road to west. 

Painted spot on stump at private road to west. 

Painted spot on culvert at road to east. 

Painted spot on stone in center of grass plot at road to north. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of southeast corner post at crossroads. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of fence post opposite schoolhouse. 

Head of copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Stone in centef of grass plot at junction of roads.. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of guy post at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

Painted spot on bridge at crossroads. 

Stump at coal tipple. 

Small bridge at railroad crossing 1 mile north of Midway. 

Painted spot on small bridge at junction of roads. 

Stone in center of grass plot at junction of roads.. 

Stone in center of grass plot at crossroads. 

Small bridge opposite schoolhouse. 

Stone at fence, junction of roads. 

Root of small locust tree at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on root of large tree at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on ground at foot of mail-box post at private road. 

Painted spot on stone at corner of barn at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge at junction of roads. 

Stone in center of grass plot at junction of roads. 

Small bridge near junction of roads. 

Copper nail in root of tree at road intersection. 

Painted spot on end of culvert at road intersection. 

Painted spot on stump in grass plot. . 

Painted spot on small bridge near road intersection. 

Painted spot on small bridge near gristmill. 

Stone in center of grassplot at intersection of roads. 

Painted spot on small bridge near crossroads. 

Painted spot on stone at fence corner opposite schoolhouse. 

Copper nail in root of tree in center of grassplot at junction of roads ... 
Copper nail in root of oak tree at crossroads. 


Original 

elevation. 


Feet. 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 
1,025.48 


1,026.31 
1,180.10 

1.138.83 
1,204.77 
1,142. 69 

1.151.83 
1,013.35 
1,094.25 
1,053.06 

969.04 
1,048.65 
1,106.60 
1,038.26 
1,145.71 
913.52 
1,210.64 
1,152. 34 
1,039. 37 
1,000.50 
1,053. 21 
1,098. 51 
1,117.66 
1,099.13 
964. 42 
967.96 
964.18 
1,007.59 
1,167.80 
1,055.96 
1,193. 59 

1.204.70 

1.253.51 
1,095.87 
1,111.85 
1,167.29 

1.135.52 
1,063.31 
1,186.43 

1.231.15 
1,205.41 
1,196.07 
1,008.38 

956.84 
930.12 
1,116.79 
1,230.92 
996. 86 
1,076.51 
1,239.00 
1,227.10 
1,079.51 

1.183.71 
1,130.21 
1,133. 91 
1,190.23 
1,246. 45 
1,078.97 
1,106.97 
1,133.88 
1,074.44 
1,065. 70 

1.197.13 
1,074. 65 
1,097.41 
1,173.08 
1,192.03 
1,213. 98 
1,159. 82 
1,174. 49 
1,056.61 
1,040. 88 
1,047.27 
1,013. 55 
1,006.28 
1,080. 70 
1,040.21 
1,098.88 
1,185.17 

961.08 

1.198.14 

1.107.16 
1,202.57 


1,179.27 
1,138.00 
1,203.95 
1,141.88 

1.151.53 
1,013.35 
1,095.00 
1,053.66 

969. 54 
1,049.05 
1,106.80 
1,038.06 
1,146.11 
914.52 

1.210.54 

1.152.20 
1,039.17 

No tie. 
1,053.21 
1,098.51 
1,117.66 
1,099.13 
963.42 
967. 41 
963.68 
1,006.84 
1,167.05 
1,055. 21 
1,192.84 
1,204.00 
1,252.81 
1,095.17 

1.111.15 
1,166.79 
1,135.00 
1,062.91 
1,186.43 

1.231.15 
1,205.41 

1.186.54 
998.85 
956.64 
929. 87 

1,116.39 

1.230.52 
996.36 

1,075.81 

1.238.15 
1,226.10 
1,080.31 
1,184.51 

1.130.21 
1,134.61 
1,189. 83 
1,247.05 
1,078.70 
1,106.37 
1,133.23 
1,073.79 
1,065.10 

1.196.53 
1,074.05 
1,096.81 

1.172.48 
1,192.03 

1.213.48 
1,159.00 
1,174.59 
1,056.41 
1,040.58 
1,046.92 
1,013.20 
1,006. 48 
1,081.00 
1,040. 50 
1,098.88 
1,185. 00 

960.78 
1,197. 54 
1,106. 56 
1,201.77 

































































































184 OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Bench marks in Burgettstown quadrangle .—Continued 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

208 

209 

210 
211 
212 

213 

214 

215 

216 

217 

218 
219 
2^0 

PninfpH snnt. on pml of t.ilp onlvprt, at rond intersection. 

Feet. 
1,120.25 

Feet. 

1,119.00 

Pn i n f pd snot, on smfl.ll hride p e _ .... 

1,079.63 

1,078. 33 

Paintprl snot on pnd of iron ninp. nt Rt. ro>id intersection. 

1,068.18 

1,068.22 

Painter! snot, on end nf small hridce .. 

1,071.60 

1,070. 60 

Pointed sprit, nn snrvpy stnne at, crossroads. 

1,099.30 

1,098.00 

Painted snot on small culvert, . 

1,167.02 

1,166. 82 

Tlimestone on south side of road . 

1,258.64 

1,258. 34 

Poriopr nail in root of larrm oak trpp at, road to north . 

1,217.27 

1,216. 77 

rionnpr nail in root, of oak trpp on north side of road. 

1,225. 87 

No tie. 

’Hridg'P npar junction of roads . 

1,057. 88 

No tie. 

Painted snot, nn stone in center of p*rassnlot at innotion of roads. 

1,075.57 
1,163.82 
1,107. 83 
1,069. 70 
1,111.95 

1,075.07 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at entrance to house to west of road ... 
Painted spot, on small hridye ... 

1,163.62 
1,107.73 

221 

Small hridp'P. at, junction of roads. 

R 069. 40 
1,111.55 

222 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

223 

Culvert near turn in road. 

1,148.08 

R 147. 08 

224 

Culvert leading to barn. 

i; 181. 98 
1,039.79 
1,006.66 
1,205.46 
1,219. 21 
1,236.45 

1,181.98 

225 

Painted spot on culvert in valley. 

1,039.89 
1, 006. 86 
1,205.81 
1,219.62 
1,236.85 
943.57 

226 

227 

228 
229 

Painted spot, on northeast corner of small bridge a t road to north. 

Copper nail in root of large oak tree at southeast corner of crossroads .. 
Stone at. font of mail-box post opposite la.rve brick house. 

Ground at foot of gatepost at, entrance to oil well. 

230 

Ground a t northeast corner of founda tion stonp of school house .. 

' 943. 57 

231 

Painted spot on top of culvert. 

1,081.03 
1,247. 72 

1, 080. 93 
1,247.52 
1,134.04 

232 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

233 

Copper nail in small bridge by private road. 

1,134.34 

1,220.18 

234 

Painted spot on stone under corner of fence at road intersection. 

R 220.10 
1,071.00 
1,094.20 

235 

Painted spot on stone by stone bridge. 

l', 071.14 
1,094.33 
1,138.86 

236 

Painted spot on end of culvert at road intersection.... . 

237 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

1,138. 70 
1,014.00 
1,126.48 

238 

239 

Nail in root of elm tree 150 feet south of house. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree 300 feet east of house. 

R014.10 

1,126.68 
1,249. 24 

240 

Copper nail in root of large oak tree at crossroads. 

1,249.04 
1,217.52 
1.127.15 

241 

Ground at foot of fence post at corner at sharp turn in road. 

1 ’ 217. 81 

242 

Copper nail in root of locust tree at junction of roads. 

1,126. 65 
1,064.56 
1,028.77 

1,026.16 

243 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge. 

1,064.76 
1,028. 97 
1,026.26 
1,055. 42 
1,097. 56 
1,190.00 
1,242.71 
1,162.17 

244 

Copper nail in telephone post opposite coal works. 

245 

Painted spot on bridge at junction of roads. 

246 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

R055.22 
1,097.31 
1,189.63 

247 

Painted spot on stone culvert... 

248 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

249 

Painted spot on white limestone at foot of telephone pole. 

1,242.51 

1 161.77 

250 

Stone in center of grassplot at road intersection. 

251 

Painted spot on end of small culvert. 

1,077.19 
1,228.83 
1,304.58 

1 252.70 

1,077.29 
1,228. 83 
1,304.58 
No tic, 

252 

Painted spot on wooden culvert. 

253 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

254 

Stone in center of grassplot. 

255 

Painted spot on small culvert. 

1,108.18 
1,174.22 
1,271.70 

1 261 06 

No tic 

256 

Painted spot on stone at end of culvert. 

No tic 

257 

Copper nail in root of locust tree. 

No tie. 

No tie. 
982. 78 
1,038. 80 
1,073. 59 
1,209.84 
1,036.56 
1,091.20 
1,232.00 
1,178.35 
1,036.60 
1,335. 40 
1,338.43 
1,255.14 
1,258.49 
956. 63 
1,141.30 
1,089.70 
1,031.17 
974.98 
1,081.18 
1,194.53 
982.03 
969. 46 
926. 68 
1,239.18 
1,225.93 
1,232. 91 
1,256.42 
1,012.11 
1.183.20 
1,228.00 
1,019. 31 

258 

Painted spot on stone. 

259 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

983. 78 

260 

Painted spot on small bridge.. 

1,039.80 

1 073.59 

261 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

262 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at private road. 

1,210.94 
1,037.96 
1,092.60 
1,233. 46 
1,178.85 
1,037.55 
1,335.40 
1,338. 53 
1,255.34 

1 258 99 

263 

Painted spot on small bridge.i. 

264 

Painted spot on small bridge 25 feet east of road intersection. 

265 

Copper nail in root of maple tree at road intersection. 

266 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

267 

Copper nail in small bridge*.. 

268 

Cross cut in stone in center of grassplot.. . 

269 

Painted spot on stone.“_*. 

270 

Copper nail in root of hickory tree at crossroads. 

271 

Cross cut in survey stone at junction of road to east. 

272 

Painted spot on end of iron pipe at stream. 

'957.63 

1 142 30 

273 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at private road. 

274 

Copper nail in bridge in valley ...!. 

R 090. 69 
1,030.17 
974.78 
1,082.93 
1,194.28 
982 03 

275 

Painted spot on pipe line at stream crossing. 

276 

Painted spot on small bridge in valley_7. 

277 

Nail in small bridge...*. 

278 

Ground at foot of mail-box post in front of house. 

279 

Painted spot on bolthead of iron bridge. 

280 

281 

282 

Square cut on southeast abutment of iron bridge. 

Square cut on southwest abutment of covered bridge.. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at private road to south. 

969. 46 
926. 87 
1,239.58 

1 226 68 

283 

Root of oak tree opposite house at road intersection. 

284 

Root of oak tree at road intersection. 

1,233. 92 
1,257.72 
1,012.11 
1,183.18 
1,228.26 
1,019.31 

285 

Cross cut on stone at crossroads near schoolliouse. 

286 

Painted spot on small bridge in valley. 

287 

Painted spot on iron bar at intersection of private road_ 

288 

Cross cut in stone at road intersection.*. 

289 

Painted spot on west end of culvert. 

































































































No. 

290 

291 

292 

293 

294 

295 

296 

297 

298 

299 

300 

301 

302 

303 

304 

305 

306 

307 

308 

309 

310 

311 

312 

313 

314 

315 

316 

317 

318 

319 

320 

321 

322 

323 

324 

325 

326 

327 

328 

329 

330 

331 

332 

333 

334 

335 

336 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341 

342 

343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348 

349 

350 

351 

352 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 

358 

359 

360 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

367 

368 

369 

370 

371 


APPENDIX. 


185 


Bench marls in Burgettstown quadrangle —Continued. 


Description. 


Painted spot on end of culvert at private road to west ... 

Painted spot on east end of culvert. 

Ground at center of road opposite private road. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at road to west.... 

Painted square on head of spike in bridge. 

Painted spot on bridge at junction of roads. 

Stone in center of grassplot. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge. 

Painted spot on limestone.. 

Painted spot on end of stone at culvert. 

Square cut in stone in grassplot. 

Copper nail in end of wooden culvert. 

Square cut in stone on north side of road. 

Painted spot on stone at foot of telephone pole. 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge. 

Square cut in northeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Cross cut on stone... 

Copper nail in southwest abutment of covered bridge ... 

Cross cut on southeast abutment of covered bridge. 

Square cut in stone. 

Painted spot on end of culvert. 

Painted spot on large limestone. 

Square cut in stone.. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Painted square on small bridge... 

Painted spot on rail fence on west side of road. 

Copper nail in small bridge. 

Stone in center of grassplot. 

Painted spot on northwest abutment of iron bridge. 

Copper nail in root of tree. 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

Nail in end of culvert. 

Painted spot on small bridge. 

Painted spot on end of log at entrance to barn. 

Copper nail in end of culvert. . 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Stone in center of grassplot. 

Stone in center of grassplot. 

Painted spot on end of culvert. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

Copper nail in west end of wooden culvert. 

Painted spot on limestone.-.. 

Square cut in northeast abutment of covered bridge- 

Painted spot on small culvert. 

Copper nail in small bridge. 

Painted spot on small bridge.... 

Painted spot on stone under rail fence. 

Floor of small bridge.. 

Cross cut in stone at road intersection. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree. 

Painted spot on end of wooden culvert. 

Cross cut in stone at road intersection.. 

Square cut in southeast abutment of covered bridge .... 

Copper nail in root of locust tree. 

Ground at foot of mail-box post.. 

Painted spot on stone at road intersection. 

Copper nail in root of oak tree...- - -. 

Painted spot on stump in center ol grassplot. 

Painted spot on large rock. 

Copper nail in root of tree. 

Painted spot on southeast abutment of covered bridge.. 

Square cut on iron bridge....------. 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge. 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge.* -.v - - 

Ground at foot of post of milk stand at road intersection 

Root of oak tree at private road. .. 

Painted spot on end of foundation log of schoolhouse .. 

Foot of mail-box post at private road... 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at junction of roads.... 

Copper nail in fence post on summit... —.. 

Copper nail in end of log at junction of roads. 

Painted spot on limestone at junction of roads. 

Ground at foot of fence post at road to north ...... - - - - - - 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at junction of roads ... 

Ground at foot of twin walnut tree at turn in road. 

Bridge opposite schoolhouse at junction of roads. 

East end of culvert at north end of wood. 


Original Adjusted 
elevation, elevation. 


Feet. 

1,198.95 
1,060.90 
1,257.05 
1,299. 73 
1,119.21 
1,091.76 

1.314.14 
1,366.30 

1.345.14 
1,066. 85 
1,286. 46 
1,187. 86 
1,101.48 

1.337.18 
1,316.10 

1.316.45 
1,070.90 
1,039.33 
1,077.78 
1,067. 90 
1,084.08 
1,149.82 
1,345. 92 
1,138.75 
1.139.44 

1.236.23 

1.130.18 
1,278.06 
1,161.28 
1,124.42 
1,094.79 
1,268.68 

1.246.23 

1.125.19 
1,150.05 
1,268.68 
1,129.74 
1,297.69 
1,311.62 
1,266.91 

1.111.46 
1,270. 76 

1.318.20 

1.113.41 
1,018.84 
1,052.33 
1,086.90 
1,127. 60 
1,230. 32 
1,165.60 
1,184.28 
1,278. 89 
1,164.98 
1,058.60 
1,149.72 
1,034.43 
1,019.51 

1.188.79 
1,241.14 
1,099.81 
1,057.89 
1,193.59 

1.289.79 

1.344.41 
1,040. 57 
1,002.30 
1,064.18 
1,046.4? 
1,197.33 
1,244.55 
1,242. 42 
1,061.02 

1.252.19 
1,249.78 
1,263.02 
1,092. 04 
1,084.33 
1,133.96 
1,097.58 

1.218.19 
1,036.46 
1,079. 64 


Feet. 
1,198.95 
1,060.90 
1,257.05 

1.299.73 
1,118.70 
1,091.16 
1,313.34 
1,365. 20 
1,343.84 
1,066.85 
1,286.46 
1,187.86 
1,101.48 
1,336. 08 

1.314.80 
1,315.10 
1,070.90 
1,039. 33 
1,077.78 
1,067.90 
1,084.08 
1,150.07 
1,346.00 
1,138. 00 
1,139.24 

1.236.23 
1,130. 32 
1,278.20 
1,161.03 
1,124.12 
1,094.49 

1.268.23 
1,245. 78 
1,125.19 
1,150.05 
1,268.68 

1.129.74 
1,297.69 
1,311.62 
1,266. 91 
1,111.16 
1,270. 56 

1.317.80 
1,112.76 
1; 018.14 
1,051.53 
1,086.00 
1,126.60 
1,230.32 

1.165.40 
1,183. 83 

1.278.89 
1,164.98 
1,058.40 
1,149.72 
1,034.13 
1,019.11 
1,188. 79 
1,241.14 
1,099.81 
1,057.89 
1,193.39 
1,289.04 

1.343.41 
1,039.72 
1,001.55 
1,063.00 
1,045. 00 
1,196.93 
1,244.55 

1.242.42 
1,061.02 
1, 252.19 
1,249. 78 
1,263.02 
1,092.04 
1,084.33 
1,133. 96 
1,097.38 

1.217.89 
1,036.26 
1,079. 64 






































































































186 


OIL AND GAS; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 
Bench marks in Burgettstown quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

372 

Painted spot on stone on east end of culvert. 

Feet. 

1,052.99 

Feet. 
1,052.59 
1,244.26 

373 

Cut on sandstone at end of culvert at crossroads. 

E 244. 66 
1,093.91 
1,118. 07 

374 

Painted spot on small bridge in valley. 

1,093.21 

375 

Painted spot on culvert.... 

1,118.07 
1,000.84 

376 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads . . 

E 000.84 
1,186.00 
1.155.88 

377 

Ground at foot of mail-box post on summit opposite house. 

l! 184. 70 

378 

Small culvert in turn in road.*.*. 

E 154.58 

379 

Ground at foot of post at junction of roads. 

1, 345.18 
967. 28 

E 343.88 
967. 28 

380 

Copper nail in end of culvert at junction of roads. 

381 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at private road. 

1,152.57 

1,256.71 

1.152. 57 

382 

.Painted spot on stone at entrance to private road. 

1,256.21 
1,112.61 
1,062.14 
1,041.54 

383 

Painted spot on stone at stream crossing. 

E 112. 91 
1,063.04 
1,042.34 

384 

Painted spot on small culvert at private road to west. 

385 

BlocK of wood at mail-box post at junction of roads. 

386 

Top of culvert in saddle...!.1. 

1,017. 39 
1,015. 81 
1, 033. 58 

1,016.59 
1,015.01 
1,032.58 
1,013. 29 
940. 20 

387 

Top of stone stepping block at junction of roads. 

388 

Small bridge at road to west.... 

389 

End of culvert at road to west.. 

1,014.49 
942. 23 

390 

Southwest abutment of covered bridge.. 

391 

Painted spot on floor of small bridge!. 

1,116. 61 
1, 361. 20 

1,115.51 
1,360.20 

392 

Small iron pipe on summit.1. 

393 

Copper nail in root of tree at junction of roads. 

1, 304.46 

1,265. 93 

1,303.46 
1,264. 73 

394 

Painted spot on ground at foot of mail-box post at crossroads. 

395 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

1,281 75 

1 281 50 

396 

Root of tree at entrance to house bn summit. 

1,226.00 

1, 225.40 

1,272. 57 
1, 308. 43 
75 

397 

Ground at foot of corner post of fence at junction of roads. 

1, 272. 57 
1,308. 43 
985. 95 

398 

Root of tree at junction of roads..’. 

399 

Small bridge at junction of roads. 

400 

End of culvert at coal bank . 

1, 074. 54 
1,063. 49 
1,200 15 

1, 074.54 
1,063.49 

1 200 15 

401 

End of culvert at road to east. 

402 

Stone near oak tree at crossroads. 

403 

Painted spot on wooden bridge. 

965. 90 
1,210. 89 
1,314.69 
1,021.97 
1,069. 62 
1,156.15 
1,253.82 
1,004.79 
1,241.40 
1,205.88 
821 75 

’ 965. 90 
1,210.89 
1,314.13 

1 021 67 

404 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at junction of roads. 

405 

Painted spot on top of summit. 

406 

Northwest abutment of covered bridge in valley. 

407 

Small bridge opposite house east of road.. 

1,068. 62 
1,155.35 
1,253. 32 
1,004. 04 
1, 240.90 
1,205.88 
821 ..75 
1,047.13 
1,306.65 
1,089. 22 
1,099.00 
1,324. 98 
1,330.08 
1,203.48 
1,277.08 
r oaa rw 

408 

Painted spot on stone at foot of signboard post at road to west 

409 

410 

Copper nail in stump of post on northwest corner of junction of roads .. 
Painted spot on small bridge.... 

411 

Stone at junction of roads. 

412 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at junction of roads. 

413 

Northeast abutment of iron bridge in valley. 

414 

Painted spot on stone at junction of roads. 

1,047! 13 
1,307.85 
1,090.62 
1,100.39 

1.326.48 
1,331.58 

1.203.48 
1,277.08 
1.234.C3 

1,292.53 

1 241 72 

415 

Stone under rail of fence at junction of roads. 

416 

Small culvert at house. 

417 

Small bridge. 

418 

Bolt of wire fence at junction of roads. 

419 

Stone in center of grassplot at junction of roads. 

420 

Ground at foot of mail-box post at junction of roads ... 

421 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

422 

End of culvert at junction of roads. 

423 

Copper nail in root of walnut tree at junction of roads... 

1,292.53 
1,241.72 
1,246.34 
1,116.45 
1,012.34 
1,201.88 

424 

Copper nail in top of stump at junction of roads. 

425 

Copper nail in root of oak tree at junction of roads. 

1,246.34 
1,116.45 
1,012.34 

1,201. 88 

426 

Root of walnut tree at private r ad to south. 

427 

Ground at foot of signboard post at junction of roads .... 

428 

Painted spot on end of culvert opposite church. 



Bench marks in Claysville quadrangle. 

No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 

1 

. —... 

Bronze tablet in northeast foundation of M. M. Hemphill’s brick resi¬ 
dence, West Middletown. 

Feet. 

1,332 

1,081.2 

.944.4 

916.6 

Qf)Q 

Feet. 

1 mz 

2 

Copper nail in root of hickorv tree northwest of road forks 

J. ; 

1,081.36 
944. 63 
916.85 

/ If 1 

3 

4 

Copper nail in root of sugar tree east of road opposite Barr’s coal bank. 
Bench cut on rock at west side of road at forks. 

5 

Bronze tablet on large rock on east side of road 360 feet south of bridge 
over Brush Run. 

6 

Bronze tablet on southwest abutment of covered bridge over Brush 
Run. . 

1 0®8 

1 7 Qin 

7 

Copper nail in root of sugar tree on west side of road at summit 

1, SOI. 4 
975 

1,301.75 
975.81U 
981. 73 
987. 4 2 

1,01,9.61 

8 

Bronze tablet at northeast corner of bridge abutment 

9 

Square cut on northwest corner of bridge abutment 

981 3 

10 

11 

Square cut on northeast abutment of covered bridge at Tavlorstown 
Spike in milepost at Crothers; post reads “43 miles from Pittsburg ” 

. 987 


• 


















































































































lo. 

12 

is 

1L 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

2L 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

SO 

SI 

32 

S3 

SL 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

LO 

LI 

L2 

LS 

LL 

L5 

L6 

L7 

L8 

L9 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

¥3 

84 

85 


APPENDIX. 


187 


Bench marks in Claysville quadrangle —Continued. 


Description. 


Original 

elevation. 


Bronze tablet in northeast abutment of railroad bridge over Buffalo 

Creek. 

Bronze tablet at corner of southwest foundation of E. T. Boone’s resi¬ 
dence north of station. 

Spike in telegraph pole south of railroad opposite line connection of 

Baltimore and Ohio and Pennsylvania railroads. 

Square cut on bridge No. 31 of Pennsylvania Railroad near junction of 

connecting lines. 

Copper nail in root of large sugar tree on east side of road. 

Bronze tablet in southeast corner of foundation of H. W. Leech’s resi¬ 
dence, Buffalo. 

Aluminum tablet in* foundation wall of public school. 

Square cut on abutment of culvert at road forks. 

Square cut on south end of culvert; house to south. 

Bronze tablet on culvert abutment on east side of road near road forks. 

Square cut on rock on west side of road. 

Bronze tablet on west abutment of covered bridge at forks of road. 

Square cut on limestone on west side of road south of watering trough. 

Square cut on northwest abutment of covered bridge at crossroads. 

Bronze tablet in sandstone ledge to north of road house. 

Bronze tablet on step of entrance to church at Old Concord. 

Square cut in stone wall in front of J. L. Parkinson’s residence, Sparta. 
Square cut on southwest abutment of covered bridge near crossroads.. 
Bronze tablet on abutment at northeast corner of covered bridge over 

Tenmile Creek. 

Top of iron plug opposite pumping station. 

Square cut on northwest wing wall of iron bridge over Chartiers Creek. 

Bronze tablet in east wall of brick schoolhouse. 

Bolt in telegraph pole on west side of road opposite watering trough... 

Copper nail in south end of watering trough on east side of road. 

Bronze tablet in foundation at southeast corner of Bethel Church. 

Square cut on northwest corner of small stone bridge. 

Square cut on limestone ledge on east side of road. 

Square cut on curb at foot of signpost “ Hotel Day ”. 

Square cut on southwest abutment of covered bridge at forks. 

Square cut on southeast abutment of covered bridge at forks. 

Square cut at northeast corner of railroad bridge No. 162 and road. 

Square cut on rock at south side of track at east end of cut. 

Painted spot on southwest capstone of railroad bridge No. 165 over 

county road..- ; . 

Bronze tablet in southwest capstone of railroad bridge No. 166 at Vienna 

station.-.-. . 

Square cut on southwest abutment of iron bridge. 

Copper nail in root of large sycamore tree 180 feet east of road forks- 

Bronze tablet in northwest abutment of iron bridge near schoolhouse.. 

Square cut on rock on south side of road 300 feet from crossroads. 

Bronze tablet at southeast corner of foundation of schoolhouse. 

Painted spot on bridge near road forks. 

Painted spot on heavy limestone ledge north of road. 

Painted spot on stone at sharp bend in road. 

Top of corner stone near forks of road. 

Painted spot on stone north of road at forks... 

Painted spot on culvert at forks of road south of pumping station. 

Painted spot on culvert at forks of road just north of township corners. 

Top of corner stone northwest of road forks. 

Painted spot on limestone ledge on south side of road. 

Painted spot on limestone ledge west of road forks.... 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at northwest corner of road forks... 

Painted spot on stone south of road forks. 

Painted spot on wooden bridge (primary line). 

Painted spot on wooden bridge. 

Painted spot on wooden culvert..... 

Painted spot on corner of southwest foundation of schoolhouse. 

Painted spot on culvert west of Samuel Davidson's residence. 

Ground at foot of milepost northwest of crossroads. 

Painted spot on small wooden culvert at road forks. .. 

Painted spot on floor of wooden bridge 150 yards south of schoolhouse.. 

Painted spot on limestone ledge opposite schoolhouse... 

Painted spot on covered bridge 60 feet south of crossroads. 

Painted spot on bridge floor near crossroads... 

Painted spot on southeast corner stone of carriage house. 

Ground at foot of fence post 50 feet east of road to south. 

Painted spot on stone west of road forks.-. 

Painted spot on small culvert south of crossroads. 

Root of large oak tree 40 feet west of road to north. 

Painted spot on stone by mail box at road forks.....-. 

Ground at foot of fence post on which the elevation is painted. 

Painted spot on stone 40 feet southwest of small house .... 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at so.uthwest corner of crossroads 

Painted spot on wing wall of culvert on pike........ 

Painted spot on wooden bridge 100 yards west of road crossing. 

Painted spot on small bridge 20 feet northwest of road forks. 


Feet. 
1,011 
1,190 
1,067 


1, ILL. 3 

1,307 
/, 127 
1,375.5 
1, L2L 
1, L66 
1,200. L 
1,092 
1,072. L 
1,0L7 
1,037 
1,118 
1,052.7 
1,008.5 

983 

1,030. L 

1,038 

1,076 

i, m 
1 , 210.2 
1,325 
1, ILL 
1,060 
1,032.3 
98L. 3 
977 
1,070 
1,170 

1,050.6 


Adjusted 

elevation. 


Feet. 

1,010. 798 

1, 189.809 

1,067.512 

1,006.9L6 
1, ILL.71 

1,307.752 
1,126.972 
1,375.55 
1, L2L. 22 
1, L65. 680 
1, 200.39 
1,092.307 
1,072. L3 
1,0L6.93 
1,037.377 
1,117.920 
1,052.59 
1,008. L6 

992.98L 
1,030.38 
1,037.90 
1,075.986 
1,12L.0L 
1,210.35 
1,325.510 
1, ILL. 17 
1,059.78 
1,032.50 
98L. 57 
977.19 


1,000 

1,000.192 

978 

978.02 

938.9 

938. 96 

917 

917. 376 

1, L33 

1.L33.05 

1,052 

1,052.228 

1,120 

1,120.2 

1.226 

1,226.44 

1,244 

1,244.15 

1,346 

1,346.41 

1,276 

1,276.98 

1,067 

1,066.98 

1,106 

1,106.01 

1,193 

1,193.67 

1,282 

1,282.09 

1,368 

1,368.19 

1,386 

1,386.17 

1,346 

1,346.19 

994 


1,050 

1,049. 53 

1,102 

1,102.21 

1,297 

1,297.50 

1 136 


1,321 

1,321.07 

1,144 

1,143.79 

1,066 

1,065.67 

1,192 

1,191.84 

948 

948.15 

1,104 

1,104.67 

1,110 

1,109.69 

1,248 

1,248.48 

1,065 

1,064.73 

1,093 

1,093. 06 

1,046 

1,045. 74 

1,212 

1,211.80 

1,356 

1,355.88 

1,339 

1,339.23 

1,368 

1,367.76 

1,070 

1,070.20 

1,083 

1,082.77 

1,244 

1,244.36 


























































































188 OIL AND gas; OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA. 


Bench marks in Clay smile quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 
100 
101 

rjrrmnrl in front of gatepost southwest of road forks 

Feet. 

1,129 

1,311 

1,364 

Feet. 
1,128.84 

Pointed spot on bottom plank of fence west, of road forks. 

1,311.48 

rtroiind at foot of telepranh noleat east side rtf road forks. 

1,364.17 

Painted spot on stone at forks of road . 

978 

977.88 

Painted spot on stone on north side of road at. forks. 

940 

939.77 

Painted spot on stone south west of road forks. 

1,264 

1,264.19 

Painted spot on stone west of road forks . 

1,181 

1,171 

1.037 

1,180.90 

Ton of Washington coal . 

Ground in front of telephone pole at road forks.. 

1,037.24 

Painted spot on base plank of fence east of road forks . 

1,041 

1,009 

1,259 

1,041.30 

Painted spot on lower plank of fence opposite of road forks.. 

1.008.83 

Painted spot on plank of fence on west side of road at forks. 

1,259. 47 

Painted spot on small bridge south of road forks. 

li 118 

1,117.61 

Top of coal in east hank of road east of sohoolhonse 

1,282 

Ground at foot of fence post northeast of road forks. 

L085 

1,050 

1,084. 79 
1,050.09 

Top of Washington coal. 

102 

103 

Painted spot on small culvert on National pike at road forks. 

1,094 

1,094.33 
1,291.87 
1,050.90 

Painted spot on plank of fence at road forks. 

1,292 
1,051 

104 

105 

Painted spot on wooden bridge at road forks near tollgate. 

Painted spot on plank of fence north of road forks. 

1,099 

1,322 

i; 099. 33 
1,322.53 
1,349.86 

106 

Square cut on sandstone at road forks. 

107 

Painted spot on top of fence post at road forks. 

1,350 

108 

Painted spot on stone pillar in corner of foundation of barn. 

1,320 

1,320 
1,068 

1,320.61 
1,319.83 
1,068. 02 
1,333.20 
1,199. 67 
1,037.46 
1,323.98 

109 

Ground at foot of telegraph pole on which elevation is painted. 

110 

Ground at foot of telephone post on which elevation is painted. 

111 

112 

Painted spot on plankof fence northwest of road forks north of church. 
Top of coal at road forks. 

1,333 

1,200 

113 

Painted spot on coping stone of bridge southwest of crossroads. 

1,037 

114 

Ground on foot of post on which elevation is painted. 

1,324 

115 

Painted spot on root of red oak tree at road forks. 

1,358 

1,334 

1,358.12 
1,334.25 
1,100.56 
1,073. 96 

116 

Ground at foot of post on which elevation is painted. 

117 

Painted spot on fence plank south of road forks. 

1,101 

118 

Painted spot on small wooden culvert at road forks. 

1 .074 

119 

Top of limestone ledge. 

1,149 

1,368 

120 

Painted spot on root of hiekorv tree 40 feet east of church..-.. 

1,367.12 
1,355.47 

121 

Painted spot on stone wall east of road forks. 

lj 356 
1,395 
1,145 
1,308 

122 

Painted spot on bowlder at road forks. 

1,394.58 

1,144.70 

1,307.94 

123 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at road forks. 

124 

Painted spot on root of oak lane to west. 

125 

Painted spot on wing wall of covered bridge.'.. 

P099 

1,391 

1,162 

1,098.95 
1,391.10 
1,161.51 
1,223. 36 
1,187.30 
1,134.18 
1,278.35 

126 

Painted spot on rail of fence at road forks. 

127 

Painted spot on top plank of fence at road forks. 

128 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder by roadside opposite house. 

1,223 

129 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at road forks. 

1,187 

130 

Painted spot on bowlder at road forks near signpost. 

L 134 
1,278 

131 

Painted spot on stump at road forks. 

132 

Painted spot on small wooden culvert. 

1,291 

1,290.93 

133 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder northeast of road forks. 

L 063 
1,164 
1,386 
1,082 
1,398 
1,071 
1,436 
1,028 
1,151 

1,063.22 
1,163.76 
1,386. 35 
1,081.71 
1 397.93 

134 

Painted spot on small bowlder at road forks. 

135 

Ground at foot of signpost. 

136 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at road forks. 

137 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road forks. 

138 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at corner of yard. 

1,071.26 

1,436.26 

139 

Ground at corner post of yard northeast of road forks. 

140 

Painted spot on plank of fence opposite road forks. 

1,027.56 
1,151.16 
1,304.25 
1,298.45 
1 118 11 

141 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge 100 feet west of crossroads. 

142 

Painted spot on sandstone bowlder at road forks. 

1,304 

1,298 

143 

Painted spot on gas pipe on north side of road at forks. 

144 

Ground at foot of signpost at road forks.. 

1,119 

1 282 

145 

Painted spot on culvert at crossroads.-. 

1,281.53 
1 301.41 

146 

Painted spot on limestone bv oak tree east of crossroads. 

1,301 

1,252 

883 

147 

Painted spot on rock at forks west of Mount Hop- 1 Church. 

1,251.93 
883. 03 

148 

Painted spot on abutment of small bridge.. 

149 

Center of road at top of rise... 

1 237 

150 

Painted spot on limestone ledge at road forks. 

1 099 

1,099. 58 

151 

Copper nail in stump at road northeast of Manchester schoolhouse_ 

1,304 

152 

Painted spot on root of water oak tree at road forks. 

1,031 

979 

1,031.74 
• 979.20 
1,069.49 
1,039. 27 
1,251.28 

153 

Painted spot on small bridge north of road forks. 

154 

Painted spot on abutment of stone arch bridge. 

1,070 

1,039 

1 251 

155 

Top of derrick floor, oil well... 

156 

Painted spot on limestone ledge. 

157 

Top of rise at center of road south of schoolhouse. 

1,250 

939 

1,222.6 

1,285 

1 321 

158 

Painted spot on root of white oak tree at road forks. 

938.66 
1,222.62 
1,285.53 
1,321.30 
997. 38 
978. 74 

159 

Painted spot on stump at road forks. 

160 

Painted spot on stone* at road forks. 

161 

Painted spot on plank of fence bv barn at road forks. 

162 

Painted spot on small wooden bridge. 

997 

163 

Painted spot on bridge south of road forks. 

979 

164 

Painted spot on large sandstone under fence corner. 

165 

Painted spot on sandstone by corner of fence at road forks . 

1,316 

1,309 

1,251 

1,316.44 

1,308.63 

1,250.59 

166 

167 

Painted spot on large sandstone by gate opposite schoolhouse. 

Painted spot on large limestone in middle of crossroads. 




















































































































APPENDIX. 


189 


Bench marks in Claysville quadrangle —Continued. 


No. 

Description. 

Original 

elevation. 

Adjusted 

elevation. 


Painted spot on large limestone by gate on south side of road forks. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

168 

1,295 

1,295.52 

169 

Painted spot on large sandstone on north side of crossroads . 

1,043 

1,042.64 

170 

Painted spot on stump by yard fence at crossroads. 

1,262 

1,261.78 

171 

Painted spot on gas pipe at road forks. 

1,333 

1,333.15 

172 

White spot on bridge. 

1,084 

1, 084. 06 

178 

White spot on large square stone opposite old tollgate at road forks. 

1,311 

. 1,311.45 

174 

Painted spot on small culvert at road forks. 

1,289 

1,289. 23 

175 

Painted spot on small culvert at road forks. 

1,045 

1,044.71 

176 

Ground at foot of signpost in grass plot at road forks. 

1,033 

1,031.65 

177 

Ground at foot of telegraph pole at road forks. 

1,102 

1,101.07 

178 

Ground at foot of post on which elevation is painted. 

1,380 

1,379.12 

179 

Painted spot on small stone at junction of roads. 

1,319 

1,319 

180 

Ground ai foot of mail box west of road forks. 

1,339 

1,339.10 

181 

Painted spot on gas pipe at road forks. 

1,043 

1,043.12 

182 

Painted spot on stone bv watering trough near road forks. 

1,268 

1,268. 58 

183 

East rail of Washington and Waynesburg Railroad at road crossing at 
Dunns Station. 

1,052 

1,051.55 

184 

Center of road at top of hill. 

1,276 

1,276 

185 

Painted spot on west end of bridge over railroad at West Union. 

1,263 

1,263.05 

186 

Painted spot on stone at road forks. 

1,135 

1,135.27 

187 

Painted spot on sandstone ledge at road forks. 

1,433 

1,433.12 

188 

Painted spot on bridge between road forks. 

1,074 

1,074.43 

189 

Ground at foot of signpost at crossroads. 

1,341 

1,340.63 

190 

Painted spot on plank of fence at road forks. 

1,394 

1,394.18 

191 

Ground at foot of Ross’s mail-box post at crossroads..*. 

1,442 

1,441.69 

192 

Ground at foot of fence post on which elevation is painted. 

1,206 

1,206.40 

193 

Ground at foot of telephone pole opposite schoolhouse. 

1,250 

1,250.37 

194 

Ground at foot of thick post north of road forks. 

1,390 

1,389.60 

195 

Ground at foot of telephone pole south of road forks. 

1,119 

1,119.03 

196 

Top of coal bed opposite schoolhouse. 

1,076 

1,076 

197 

Painted spot on small stone on ground at foot of fence post. . 

1,329 

1,329.31 

198 

Painted spot on floor of bridge. 

1,160 

1,160.32 

199 

Painted spot on floor of bridge. 

1,102 

1,102 

200 

Painted spot on large sandstone at road forks. 

1,325 

1,325.12 

201 

Painted spot on stone at foot of fence post at road forks. 

1,062 

1,061.62 

202 

Painted spot on sandstone at road forks opposite big red barn. 

1, 323 

1,323.04 

203 

Tainted spot on stone at road forks. 

1,416 

1,416.34 

204 

Painted spot on top of fence post at road forks. 

1,402 

1,402.33 

205 

Ground at foot of telephone pole at road forks... 

1,369 

1,368. 75 

206 

Painted spot on root of red-oak tree at road forks. 

1,146 

1,145.97 

207 

Painted spot on ground atgatepost. 

1,374 

1,373.69 

208 

Painted spot on ground at foot of telephone pole at road forks. 

1,133 

1,132. 77 

209 

Painted spot on stone step of Plant’s store. 

1,105 

1,105.19 

210 

Painted spot on floor of bridge. 

1,195 

1,194. 77 

211 

Painted spot on bridge near house of George Sprowls. ... 

1,059 

1,058.69 

212 

Painted spot on limestone bowlder in road forks.. 

1,150 

1,150.30 

213 

Painted spot on foundation stone at corner of barn. 

1,332 

1,331.74 

214 

Painted spot on plank of fence west of road forks. 

1,337 

1,337.18 

215 

Painted spot on bridge. 

1,095 

1,094. 70 

216 

Painted spot on stone south of road forks. .. 

1, 415 

1,414.69 

217 

Painted spot on ground bv post on which elevation is painted. 

1,238 

1,237.63 

218 

Painted spot on wing wall of bridge. 

1, 0l6 

1,016.33 

219 

Painted spot on top of post at road forks. 

1,106 

1,105. 70 

220 

Painted spot on stump at road forks. 

1,372 

1,8 72. 38 

221 

222 

Painted spot on fence plank northwest of road forks. 

1,393 

1,392. 68 

Painted spot on plank north of road forks. 

1,407 

1,406. 76 

223 

Painted spot on stump at road forks. 

1 ,348 

1,347. 66 

224 

Painted spot on stone wall at road forks. 

1, 096 

1, 096. 47 





















































































INDEX. 


A. 


Page. 


Acknowledgments to those aiding. 10 

Alexander, S. Z., well of, log of. 100 

Allegheny County, Pa., detailed geology of. 116 
Allegheny formation, character and distri¬ 
bution of.80-82 

position of. 89 

Ames limestone, character and distribution 

of. 79-80, 

88,00,93,04,05-96,98,114,115,123 

position of. 30,88,89,00,93,94,98 

plate showing. 30 

use of, as key horizon.".. 27-28,38 

Andrews, W., well of. 108 

Appalachian oil fields, conditions in. 12-13 

diagrammatic section of, explanation of. 15-16 

plate showing. 10 

geology of. 12,18-21 

oil in. 

accumulation of. 15-17 

Arnold, William, heirs of, well of... 108-109 

Atcheson, M. M., well of, log of. 143-144 

B. 

Bailey, W. S., well of, log of. 145 

Barclay farm, well on, log of. 106 

Bavington coal, character and distribution 

Of. 115,120 

position of. 120 

Bayard sand, occurrence of. 86 

Beaver County, Pa., detailed geology of- 114 

Bell, J. G., well of, log of. 145 

Bench marks, lists of. 176-189 

maps showing. Pocket (Pis. Ill, \ II) 

Benharn Run, section on. 167 

Benwood limestone, equivalent of, descrip¬ 
tion of. 69-70 

occurrence of. 87,89,91,93,97,118, 

121,125-126,152,154,157,162-163,165 

position of. 127 

Berea sand, character and distribution of.. 84-85, 

99-109 

correlation of. 109-113 

deposition of. 19-20 

fluids in. 16,17 

gas in. 3;) 

map showing. 80 

discussion of. 33-36 

oil in.9,33-36 

position of. 30,44,123,130,146 

map showing. Pocket (PI. \ I) 

structure of, map showing... Pocket (PI. VI) 

Berry heirs, well of. 140 

Big Dunkard sand, gas in. 62 


Page. 

Big Injun sand, character and distribution 

of. 84,99-105,107,110,112 

fluids in. 16 

gas in. 62 

oil in. 33 

position of. 44,113,117,120,123,129,132-146 

Big lime, position of. 138 

Bitter Rock sand, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 84 

correlation of. 113 

occurrence cf. 111,112 

position of. 117,132-136,143-146 

salt water in. 44 

Blaine Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 159-163 

Bluck, C. & W., well of.. 104 

Bluck pool, description of. 35 

Blue limestone, position of. 122,126 

Brooke County, W. Va., detailed geology of. 96-98 

Buchanan farm, well on, log of. 136-142 

Buffalo Creek, probable oil field near. 64 

Buffalo gas field, description cf.62-63 

Buffalo Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 157-159 
Buffalo Township, W. Va., detailed geology 

of. 96-98 

Bulger limestone, character and distribution 

of. 70,121 

position of. 119,122,126,129,131 

use of, as key horizon.38-39 

Burgettstown pool, description of. 46-47 

Burgettstown quadrangle, area and location 

of. 9,37 

bench marks in. 181-186 

convergence in. 41-43 

determination of. 132-148 

plate showing. Pocket (PI. VIII) 

gas wells in, location of, map showing.. 

Pocket (PI. IX) 

geologic section (general) in. 67 

geology, detailed, of. 114-131 

geology, general, of.37-47 

Hundred-foot sand, map of. Pocket (PI. IX) 

map of, discussion of. 4.5-47 

key horizons in.38-40 

maps showing ... Pocket (Pis. VII, IX) 

maps of. Pocket (Pis. VII, IX) 

oil pools in. 46-47 

oil sands in.9,42-45 

oil well in, location of, map showing.... 

Pocket (PI. IX) 

rocks of.37-38 

structure of. 40-41 

topography of. 37 

wells in. 108-109 


191 





















































































192 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Burgettstown syncline, location and de¬ 
scription of. 41 

Butler Township, W. Va., detailed geology 

of.95-96 


Cable farm, well on. 102,106 

Cadiz quadrangle, convergence in.32-33 

wells in. 108 

Campbell, C. C., well of. 148 

Campbell, J. B., well of, log of. 107 

Cambridge limestone, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 80,96,98 

Candor dome, location and description of... 41 

Canton Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 154-157 

Cassiday farm, well on, log of. 106-107 

Chartiers Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 130-131,153-154 

Clay, origin of. 19 

Clay Township, W. Va., detailed geology of. 94-95 
Claysville anticline, location and description 

of. 54 

oil in. 59 

Claysville limestone, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 78,157-158, 163,170 

position of. 49 

Claysville quadrangle, area and location of. 9,48 

bench marks in.. 186-189 

convergence in. 54-57 

plate showing. Pocket (PI. XII) 

• future development in...63-66 

gas field in. 02-63 

gas wells in, location of, map showing.. 

Pocket (PI. XIII) 

gas field in. 62-63 

geologic section (general) in. 67 

geology, detailed, of. 149—475 

geology, general, of. 48-66 

Gordon sand in, map of.. 

map of, discussion of. 57-66 

key horizons in. 49-50 

maps of. Pocket (Pis. X, XIII) 

oil pools in. 58-62 

oil sands in. 9 

oil wells in, location of, map showing. 

Pocket (PI. XIII) 

rocks of ...1 . 48-49 

structure of. 52-57 

map showing. Pocket (PI. X) 

topography of. 48 

wells in, sections of, plate showing. 52 

Coal, origin of. 19,20 

Cole, David, well of, log of. HI 

Cole, Thomas, well of, log of. 133 

Collier terrace, location and description of.. 29 

oil and gas in. 36 

Conemaugh formation, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 79-80,116,117,120 

Convergence, determination of_ 99-109,132-148 

explanation and mapping of. 23-25 

30-33,41-43,54-57 
maps showing.. Pocket (Pis. IV, VIII, XII) 

Cooper, C., well of. 100 

Cooper, II. C., well of, log of. HI 

Cow Run sand, occurrence of. . . 99 

Cowden, Mrs. John, well of, log of. 138 


Page. 

Cross Creek Township, Ohio, detailed geol¬ 
ogy of.91-92 

Cross Creek Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of.:. 124-127 

Cross Creek Township, W. Va., detailed 

geology of.96-98 

Cunningham, G., well of, log of. 112 

Cunningham, M. and E., well of, log of... 111-112 
Cuyahoga shale, character and distribution 

of. 84 


D. 

Dinsmore limestone, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 69-70,121 

position of. 119,122,126,127,129,131 

use of, as key horizon. 38-39 

Donegal Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 163-165 

Donley limestone, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 77 , 

154,158,164,166-168,170-171,173-174 

Dunbar, John, well of, log of. 145 

Dunkard coal, character and distribution 

of. 78,110,111 

position of. 134 

See also Lower Dunkard. 


E. 

East Finley Township, Pa., detailed geology 


of.'165-169 

Eastern Ohio Oil Co., well of. 104 

Edmondston, J. and J., well of, log of.107-108 

Elizabeth sand, occurrence of. 86 


F. 

Field work, character of. 22-23 

Fifth sand, character and distribution of... 86 

fluids in. 16,17 

gas in. 57,62 

oil in. 9,47,57,59,60-61,63-65 

position of. 45,117,124,130,135,139-141,145,147 

Fifty-foot sand, oil and gas in. 61,63 

position of. 138,146 

Findley Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 116 
Finley coal, character and distribution 

of. 80-81,88,90,95,96 

Finney syncline, location and description of. 53 

oil and gas in. 58,59,60,63-64 

Five Points pool, description of. 46 

Florence pool, description of. 46 

Formations, character and distribution of . 68-86 
Fourth sand, character and distribution 

of. 86,112 

fluids in.. 16,17 

gas in.57,62 

oilin . 9,57,59,60-61,63-65 

position of. 45,117,124,130,137,138,145,146 

Freeport coal, occurrence of. 110,112 

position of. 123,135,139,140,145,146 


G. 

Gantz sand, character and distribution of.. 85 

oil and gas in. 57,59,60-62 

position of. 137 

Gas, accumulation of. 15 
























































































INDEX. 


193 


Page. 

Sas, occurrence of. 35-36, 44 

occurrence of, theory of. 11-21 

Gas fields, description of. 35-36,62-63 

distribution of, plate showing. 26 

Gas sand, correlation of. 44 

occurrence of. 44,112 

Gas sands, occurrence of.3,5-36,44 

See also Sandstones, oil and gas bearing. 

Gas wells, location and description of.35-36 

location of, map showing. 

Pocket (Pis. VI, IX, XIII) 

Geology, detailed description of. 87 

general description of. 26-66 

section of. 66 

Georges Run, section of. 157 

jiillespie dome, location and description of . 41 

3ood Intent, section near. 169 


Jordon sand, character and distribution of. 85-86, 


112 

gas in.57,62 

map of. Pocket (PI. XIII) 

discussion of.57-66 

oil in. 9,45,47,57,59-61,63 

position of. 45, 

57,117,124,130,137-141,143,146,147 

map showing. Pocket (PI. XIII) 

structure of.57-58 

map showing. Pocket (PI. XIII) 

Gordon Stray sand, occurrence of.86,112 

oil and gas in. 57,60-61,64 

position of. 45,138 

Gould pool, description of. 36 

Great limestone. See Benwood limestone. 


Greene County, Pa., detailed geology in.. 172-175 
Greene formation, character and distribu¬ 


tion of. 76-79,163,166 

Gregg, Levi, well of, record of. 146 

Griswold, W. T., work of. 10 


H. 

Hancock County, W. Va., detailed goelogy 

of.94-96 

Hanover Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 114-115 

Hays, Alexander, well of, log of. 143 

Hays, J. S., well of, log of. 134 

Homewood sandstone, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 82 

Hopewell Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 151-153 

Hundred-foot sand, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 95,110,111,112 

fluids in. 16,17,45 

map of. Pocket (PI. IX) 

discussion of.-•. 45-47 

oil in. 9,44-45,114 

position of. 44,113,117,120,124,129,130,132-146 

map showing. Pocket (PI. IX) 

structure of, map showing.. Pocket (PI. IX) 

Hurry-up sand, gas in. 62 

occurrence of. 102 

position of. 140,146 

349(3—Bull. 318—07-13 


I. 


Page. 


Independence Township, Pa., detailed geol¬ 
ogy of. 124-127,149-150 

Investigation, methods of.22-25 

scope of. 11 

Island Creek pool, description of. 35 

Island Creek Township, Ohio, detailed ge¬ 
ology of.89-90 


J. 

Jefferson County, Ohio, detailed geology of. 87-94 
Jefferson Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 120-124 

Johnson, J. W., well of, log of. 100 

Jollytown coal, character and distribution 

of. 149,152-153,155-156,158- 

159,161.164.168-169,171-172,174-175 
section of. 169 

K. 

Keener sand, occurrence of. 34,112 

position of. 138 

Key horizons, descriptions of... 27-28,38-40,49-50 

definition of. 23 

maps showing. 

Pocket (Pis. Ill, VI, IX, X, XIII, 

Kidd farm, well on, log of. 110 

Kittanning coal. See Upper, Middle, and Lower 
Kittanning. 

Knox Township, Ohio, detailed geology of. 87-89 

Knoxville pool, description of. 34 

Krackemer farm, well on, log of. 139 

L. 


Lee farm, well on. 106 

Leech, Pressley, well of, log of. 136 

Lewis farm, well on. 104-105 

Limestone, origin of. 18-19 

Little Washington coal, character and dis¬ 
tribution of_ 72,155,159,161-162,172 

Longfitt farm, well on. 101-102 

Lower Dunkard coal, occurrence of. 112 

Lower Kittanning coal, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 81-82,89,95,96,124 

position of. 123 

use of, as key horizon. 27-28 

Lower Washington limestone, character and 

distribution of. 73-74, 

151,159,161-162,164,172 

Lunduff, John, well of. 101 

Lyle, J. R. and J., well of, log of. 139 

M. 

McCalmont, John, well of, log of. 145-146 

McClelland heirs, well of. 101 

McCorkle, J. S., well of, log of.. 134 

McCullough, W. H., well of, log of. 99 

McDonald, Ed., well of, log of. 147 

McDonald, K. N., wells of, logs of. 146-147 

McDonald pool, description of. 47 

McGuigan farm, well of, log of. 136-137 























































































194 


INDEX 


Page. 

Mclntire, R. M., well of. 104 

McIntyre pool, description of. 36 

McKim, John, well of, log of. 105 

McLean, J. F., well of, log of. 99 

McNary, James, well of. 133-134 

Mahoning sandstone, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 80 

Mansfield syncline, location of.53-54 

Maps, construction of. 23-25 

Martin, James, well of, log of. 112 

Martin farm, well on, log of. 109 

Meigs coal, character and distribution of.... 87, 

89,91,93,94,97 

position of.91,94,97 

use of, as key horizon.27-28 

See also Sewicklev coal. 

Mercer coal, character and distribution of.. 82 

Metcalf farm, well on, log of. 110 

Middle Kittaning coal, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 81,89,96 

Middle Washington limestone, character 

and distribution of. 74,149, 

151, 152-153, 155-156, 158-159,161,164, 
168-169,171-172,174-175 

Miller, D. C., well of, log cf. 139-140 

Mingo svncline, location and description of. 29 
Monongahela formation, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 67, 

68-71,116,128-130,153-154 

Moore, John, well of, log of. 144 

Morris Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 172-175 

Morrow, Emma, well of, log of. 102 

Morrow heirs, wells of. 102-103 

log of. 103 

Mount Pleasant Township, Pa., detailed 

geology of. 127-130 

Mountain sand, occurrence of. 112 

Munn, M. J., work of. 10 

N. 

New Cumberland anticline, location and 

description of. 28 

oil in. 34 

Nicholson farm, well on, log of. 105 

Nineveh coal and limestone, character and 

distribution of. 78-79,173 

Nineveh syncline, location and description 

of. 53 

Nineveh Thirty-foot sand, character and dis¬ 
tribution of.'. 85 

North Fayette Township, Pa., detailed geol¬ 
ogy of.. . 116 

North Franklin Township, Pa., detailed 

geology of. 170-172 

O. 

Oil, accumulation of. 15-16,17-21 

occurrence of, theory of. 11-21 

origin of. 13 

percolation of. 14,16 

See also Sandstones, oil-bearing. 

Oil pools, descriptions of. 34-36,46-47,58-62 

distribution of, plate showing. 26 

Oil wells, location of, maps showing. 

Pocket (Pis. VI, IX, XIII) 

Owens, John, well of. 102 


Page. 


P. 


Palmer, J. L., well of. 108 

Parkinson farm, well on, log of. 137-138 

Parr, S., well of, log of. 104 

Peterson farm, well on. 105-106,132-133 

log of. 132-133 

Pittsburg coal, character and distribution 

of. 68 , 87-88, 89-90, 91-92, 93, 94, 

95,98,99,105,108,110-112,114- 
116, 119, 122, 126-127, 131,154 

contour map of. Pocket (Pis. Ill, VII) 

description of. 28 

formations above, description of.79-86 

formations below, description of.68-79 

position of. 88 , 

91,92,94,98,119-123,125-127,129,132-144 
structure of, maps showing__I.. 

Pocket (Pis. Ill, VII) 

use of, as key horizon. 27-28,38-40,50-51 

Pittsburg limestone, character and distri¬ 
bution of.... 123 

Point Lookout oil pool, description of. 61-62 

Pottsville formation, character and distri¬ 
bution of.82-83 

formations below. 83-86 

Price farm, well of. 103 

Prospecting, results of. 13 

Prosperity limestone, character and distri¬ 
bution of. 77,157-158,166,170 

position of. 49 

R. 

Rea, J. V., well of, log of. 137 

Redstone coal, character and distribution 

of. 69,118-119,122 

Reinhart. M., well of, log of. 103 

Rider coal, character and distribution of... 119 

Roberts, F., well of. 104 

Robinson Run, sections on. 167,169 

Robinson Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 116-117 

Rocks, character and distribution of. 68-86 

Rocky Run, oil prospects on. 64 

Roger coal, character and distribution of... 81, 

88-89,90,95,96,105 
Russell, William, well of, log of. 141 

S. 

Salt sand, character and distribution of... 82-83, 

100,102,103,110-112 

fluids in. 16 

gas in. 33,36-37,44,62 

position in. 117,120,123,129,132-146 

Salt water, occurrence of. 35-36,58,61,63,64 

source of. 17 

Sands, oil. See Sandstones, oil-bearing. 

Sandstone, origin of. 18 

Sandstones, oil-bearing, character of. 12 

depth of. 12 

measurement of. 29-30,51 

diagrammatic section of, explanation of. 15-16 

plate showing. 16 

extent of. 12-13 

mapping of. 9,25 

names of. 27 

occurrence of. 33 ; 43-45 





























































































INDEX 


195 


Page. 

Sandstones, percolation in. 14 

positions of, mapping of.23-25 

structure of. 12 

Sankey farm, well on, log of.134-135 

Sapp, Joseph, well of, record of. 31 

Scott, James, well of, log of. 140 

Scott heirs, well of, log of.142-143 

Sedimentary rocks, deposition of. 19-21 

Sewickley coal, character and distribution 

of. 69,118,121,125-126 

position of. 38,119,122,126,127 

use of, as key horizon. 27 

Shale, origin of. 18 

Sixth sand, occurrence of. 86 

Slentz, J., well of. 101 

Smith, Alexander, well of, log of. 110 

Smith Township, Pa., detailed geology of. 117-120 
Somerset syncline, location and description 

of. 29 

South Franklin Township, Pa., detailed 

geology of. 170-172 

South Strabane Township, Pa., detailed 

geology of. 153-154 

Southerland, J. W., well of. 108 

Sparta coal, character and distribution 

of. 77,154,166-169,170-171,173-174 

Squaw sand, occurrence of. 110-111 

oil in. 44 

position of. 120,124,132-136,141-142,144 

Steubenville quadrangle, area and location 

of. 9,26 

bench marks in. 176-181 

Berea sand in, map of.Pocket (PI. VI) 

map of, discussion of.33-36 

convergence in.30-33 

determination of...99-109 

map showing. Pocket (PI. IV) 

gas fields in.35-36 

gas wells in, location of, map show¬ 
ing. Pocket (PI. VI) 

geologic section (general) in. 67 

geology, detailed, of.87-98 

geology, genera], of.26-37 

key horizons in. 27-28 

map showing. Pocket (PI. Ill) 

maps of. Pocket (Pis. Ill, VI) 

oil pools in.33-36 

oil sands in. 9,33 

oil wells in, location of, map show¬ 
ing. Pocket (PI. VI) 

rocks of. 27 

plate showing. 30 

structure in.28-29 

topography of. 26 

wells in.99-107 

Steubenville Township, Ohio, detailed geol¬ 
ogy of.92-93 

Stevenson, Andrew, well of. 132 

Stevenson, R. E., well of, log of. 146 

Stewart, L. E., well of, log of. 135 

Stratigraphy, description of.67-86 

plate showing. 30 

Stray-Stray sand, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 86 

Strong, George, well of. 105 


Page. 

Studa, John, well of, log of. 135 

Sunbury shale, character and distribution 

of .:.... 84 

Swearinger, D. W., well of. 101 

T. 

Taylor Brothers, well of, log of. 144 

Taylorstown, sections near. 160-161 

Thirty-foot sand, occurrence of. 100,112 

oil and gas in. 45 

position of. 117,120,124,130,139-146 

Turkeyfoot pool, description of. 34 

U. 


Unconformity, between Mississippian and 

Pennsylvanian, occurrence of... 83-84 
Uniontown coal, character and distribution 

of . 70-71,91,94,96-97,118, 

121, 125-126, 152, 154, 157, 162-163, 165 

position of. 38,91,97,119, 4>2,126,127 

Upper Kittaning coal, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 81 

P T ppcr Washington coal, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 76-77, 

154-155,158,160,164,166-168,170-174 
Upper Washington limestone, character and 

distribution of. 75-76, 

149,153-155,160,174 

ina P of. Pocket (PI. X) 

discussion of. 52 

position of, map showing_Pocket (PI. X) 

section of. 157 

structure of, map showing_Pocket (PI. X) 

use of, as key horizon. 49-50 

V. 

Vance, J. S., well of, log of. 143 

W. 

Wallace, Mary, well of. 100 

Warwick, S. E., well of, log of. 102 

Washington anticline, gas in.,. 63 

location and description of.52-53 

oil near. 58,59,64-65 

Washington coal, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 73,96-97,124-125, 

149-150,151,153,155,159,161-165,172 

position of. 49-50,97,125,127,128,129 

use of, as key horizon.39,50 

Washington County, Pa., detailed geology of 

114-131,149-175 

Washington formation, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 67, 

71-76,117-118,127-128,130,153 
Washington sandstone, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 72-73 

Washington-Taylorstown oil pool, descrip¬ 
tion of.58-61 

Water, salt. See Salt water. 

Watt, J. S., well of. 103- 

Waynesburg coal, character and distribu¬ 
tion of. 71,93,96-97,118,121, 

125,150,151-152,153,156,159,162,165 
position of... 39,50,97,119,121,125,127,129,131 
section of. 71 




























































































196 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Waynesburg “A” coal, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 72, 

121,150,151-152,153,156,159,162,165 

position of. 125,127,128,129 

Waynesburg “B” coal, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 72, 

151-152,153,156,159,162,165 

position of. 128,129 

Waynesburg sandstone, character and dis¬ 
tribution of. 71 

Wells, depth of. 13,23-24 

logs of. 99-113,132-148 

sections of, plate showing. 52 


See also particular wells; Oil wells; 
Gas wells. 


Page. 

Wells, T. J., well of, log of. 101 

Wells Township, Ohio, detailed geology 

of.93-94 

Wellsville quadrangle, wells in, logs of_ 107-108 

West Finley Township, Pa., detailed geology 

of. 165-169 

West Middletown syncline, location and de¬ 
scription of. 54 

oil in. 47 

Westland dome, location and description of. 41 
Wintersville terrace, location and descrip¬ 
tion of. 29 

oil pool on, description of. 35 

Witherspoon, Samuel, well of, log of. 138 

Wright, Sophie, well of, record of. 32 






















CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY. 

[Bulletin No. 318.] 

The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, 
(2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water- 
Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United States—folios and separate 
sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United States—folios thereof. The classes num¬ 
bered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular 
giving complete lists can be had on application. 

Most of the above publications can be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they can be 
obtained, free of charge (except classes 2,7, and 8), on application. 

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress for 
distribution. 

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., 
from whom they can be had at prices slightly above cost. 

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries 
in the large cities throughout the United States, where they can be consulted by those 
interested. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, 
and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following 
series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleon¬ 
tology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Mis¬ 
cellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of 
water; M, General hydrographic investigations; N, Water power; O, Underground waters; 
P, Hydrographic progress reports; Q, Fuels; R, Structural materials. This paper is the 
hundredth in Series A and the hundred and twenty-first in Series B, the complete 
lists of which follow (PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper): 

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B 111. Geology of Big Stone Gap coal field of Virginia and Kentucky, by M. R. Campbell. 1893. 106 pp., 
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B 132. The disseminated lead ores of southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. 1896. 31 pp. (Out 
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B 138. Artesian-well prospects in Atlantic Coastal Plain region, by N. II. Darton. 1896. 228 pp., 19 pis. 
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B 143. Bibliography of clays and the ceramic arts, by J. C. Branner. 1896. 114 pp. 

B 164. Reconnaissance on the Rio Grande coal fields of lexas, bj T. \\ . \ aughan, including a report 
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B 178. El Paso tin deposits, by W. II. Weed. 1901. 15 pp., 1 pi. 

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I 


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B 193. The geological relations and distribution of platinum and associated metals, by J. F. Kemp. 

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B 198. The Berea grit oil sand in the Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio, by W. T. Griswold. 1902. 43 pp., 1 pi. 
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B 200. Reconnaissance of the borax deposits of Death Valley and Mohave Desert, by M. R. Campbell. 
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B 213. Contributions to economic geology, 1902; S. F. Emmons and C. W. Hayes, geologists in charge. 

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PP 15. The mineral resources of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F. C. 
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B 218. Coal resources of the Yukon, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1903. 71 pp., 6 pis. 

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PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. 

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B 223. Gypsum deposits in the United States, by G. I. Adams and others. 1904. 129 pp., 21 pis. (Out 
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PP 24. Zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkansas, by G. I. Adams. 1904. 118 pp., 27 pis. 

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B 229. Tin deposits of the York region, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1904 . 61 pp., 7 pis. 

B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904 . 35 pp., 10 pis. 

B 238. Economic geology of the Iola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and 
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B 243. Cement materials and industry of the United States, by E. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. 

B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois, by II. Foster Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. 

B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. II. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. 
B 249. Limestones of southeastern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pis. 

B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal 
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B 251. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle. 

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WS 117. The lignite of North Dakota and its relation to irrigation, by F. A. Wilder. 1905. 59 pp., 8 pis. 
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PP 38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district, Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter on 
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PP 41. Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 133 pp., 
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B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by Walde¬ 
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B 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 86 
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B 260. Contributions to economic geology, 1904; S. F. Emmons and C. W. Hayes, geologists in charge. 

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B 264. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller, E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veatch. 1905. 
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B 269. Corundum and its occurrence and distribution in the United States (a revised and enlarged 
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PP 48. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the United States Geological Survey at 
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B 275. Slate deposits and slate industry of the United States, by T. N. Dale, with sections by E. C. 

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PP 49. Geology and mineral resources of part of the Cumberland Gap coal field, Kentucky, by G. H. 

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B 277. Mineral resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: Gold fields of the Turnagain Arm region, by 

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B 278. Geology and coal resources of the Cape Lisburne region, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1906. 54 pp., 
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B 279. Mineral resources of the Kittanning and Rural Valley quadrangles, Pennsylvania, by Charles 
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B 283. Geology and mineral resources of Mississippi, by A. F. Crider. 1906. 99 pp.,4 pis. 

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B 286. Economic geology of the Beaver quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by L. H. Woolsey. 1906. 132 pp., 
8 pis. 

B 287. Juneau gold belt, Alaska, by A. C. Spencer, and A reconnaissance of Admiralty Island, Alaska, 
by C. W. Wright. 1906. 161 pp., 27 pis. 

PP 54. The geology and gold deposits of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by W. Lindgren and 
F. L. Ransome. 1906. 516 pp., 29 pis. 

PP 55. Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle, Nevada, by J. E. Spurr. 1906. 174 pp., 24 pis. 

B 289. A reconnaissance of the Matanuska coal field, Alaska, in 1905, by G. C. Martin. 1906. 34 pp. 


5 pis. 

B 290. Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the L nited States Geological 
Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905, by J. A. Holmes. 1906. 240 pp. 

B 293. A reconnaissance of some gold and tin deposits of the southern Appalachians, by L. C. Graton, 
with notes on the Dahlonega mines, by W. Lindgren. 1906. 134 pp., 9 pis. 

B 294. Zinc and lead deposits of the upper Mississippi Valley, by H. Foster Bain. 1906. 155 pp., 16 pis. 
B 295. The Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, description of Circle quadrangle, by L. M. Prindle. 1906. 
27 pp., 1 ph 

B 296. Economic geology of the Independence quadrangle, Kansas, by Frank C. Schrader and 
Erasmus Haworth. 1906. 74 pp., 6 pis. 

B 297. The Yampa coal field, Routt County, Colo., by N. M. Fenneman, Hoyt S. Gale, and M. R. Camp¬ 


bell. 1906. 96 pp., 9 pis. 

B 298. Record of deep-well drilling for 1905, by Myron L. Fuller and Samuel Sanford. 1906. 299 pp. 
B 300. Economic geology of the Amity quadrangle in eastern Washington County, Pa., by Fred¬ 
erick G. Clapp. 1907. 145 pp., 8 pis. 


IV 


SERIES LIST. 


B 308. Preliminary account of Goldfield, Bullfrog, and other mining districts in southern Nevada, by 

F. L. Ransome; with notes on Manhattan district, by G. H. Garrev and W. H. Emmons. 
1900. 98 pp., 5 pis. 

B 304. Oil and gas fields of Greene County, Pa., by R. W. Stone and Frederick G. Clapp. 1900. 110 
pp., 3 pis. 

PP 56. Geography and geology of a portion of southwestern Wyoming, with special reference to coal 
and oil, by A. C. Veatch. 1907. — pp., 26 pis. 

B 308. A geologic reconnaissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern California, byS. H. Ball. 1907. 
218 pp., 3 pis. 

B 309. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oil districts, southern California, by 

G. H. Eldridge and Ralph Arnold. 1907. 206 pp., 41 pis. 

B 312. The interaction between minerals and water solutions, with special reference to geologic 
phenomena, by E. C. Sullivan. 1907. 69 pp. 

B 313. The granites of Maine, by T. Nelson Dale, with an introduction by G. O. Smith. 1907. — pp., 
14 pis. 

B 314. Report of progress of investigations of mineral resources of Alaska in 1906, by A. H. Brooks 
and others. 1907. 235 pp.,4 pis. 

B 315. Contributions to economic geology, 1906, Part I: Metals and nonmetals, except fuels; S. F. 

Emmons and E. C. Eckel, geologists in charge. 1907. 504 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 215. Geology and water resources of a portion of the Missouri River Valley in northeastern 
Nebraska, by G. E. Condra. 1907. — pp., 11 pis. 

WS 216. Geology and water resources of the Republican River Valley in Nebraska and adjacent 
areas, by G. E. Condra. 1907. — pp., 13 pis. 

B 316. Contributions to economic geology, 1906, Part II: Coal, lignite, and peat; M. R. Campbell, 
geologist in charge. 1907. — pp., 23 pis. 

B 317. Preliminary report on the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara County, Cal., by Ralph 
Arnold and Robert Anderson. 1907. 69 pp., 2 pis. 

B 318. Geology of oil and gas fields in Steubenville, Burgettstown, and Claysville quadrangles, Ohio, 
West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, by W. T. Griswold and M. J. Munn. 1907. 196 pp., 13 pis. 


SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 


B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on 
Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp., 17 
pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock.) 

B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp., 1 pi. 
(Out of stock.) 

B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 10 
pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. (Out 
of stock.) 

B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N. S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pis. 

B 58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. 

Wright, with introduction by T. C. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. H. Darton. 
1890. 82 pp. (Out of stock.) 

B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. 

B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp., 12 pis. 
(Out of stock.) 

B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pis. 

B 137. The geology of the Fori Riley Military Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1896. 
35 pp., 8 pis. 

B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1896. 71 
pp., 21 pis. 

B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E Todd 1899 
171 pp., 27 pis. 

B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp. 
9 pis. 


B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp. 
14 pis. 

WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern Wyoming 
and western Nebraska, by G. I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. 

B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp 
25 pis. 

PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of 
the geology of southeastern Alaska, by A. II. Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. 


SERIES LIST. 


V 


PI* 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 
70 pp., 11 pis. 

PP 3. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patton. 1902. 
167 pp., 19 pis. 

PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dali, Kanuti, Allen, 
and Kowak rivers, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pis. 

PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903 . 298 pp., 9 pis. 
(Out of stock.) 

PP 12. Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 168 pp., 27 pis. 

PP 13. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Ken¬ 
tucky, by W. G. Tight. 1903. Ill pp., 17 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 208. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California, 
by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 229 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 209. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by 
I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp., 2 pis. 

PP 15. Mineral resources of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F. C. 
Schrader. 1903. 71 pp., 10 pis. 

PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred 
and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. 

B 217. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 
83 pp., 18 pis. 

B 219. The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 31 pp., 1 pi. 
PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. 

PP 21. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 168 
pp., 29 pis. 

WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J, E. 
Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. 

PP 25. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 
2 pis. (Out of stock.) 

PP 26. Economic resources of the northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with contributions byS. F. 

Emmons and T. A. Jaggar, jr. 1904. 222 pp., 20 pis. 

PP 27. A geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains in Mon¬ 
tana and Idaho, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pis. 

PP 31. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory 
and Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita 
Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8 pis. 

B 235. A geological reconnaissance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. 

Smith and F. C. Calkins. 1904. 103 pp.,4 pis. 

B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904 . 35 pp., 10 pis. 

B 237. Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp., 7 pis. 

B 238. Economic geology of the Iola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and 
W. R. Crane. 1904 . 83 pp., 1 pi. 

PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 
433 pp., 72 pis. 

WS 110. Contributions to hydrology of eastern United States, 1904: M. L. Fuller,geologist in charge. 
1905. 211 pp., 5 pis. 

B 242. Geology of the Hudson Valley between the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 

1904. 63 pp., 3 pis. 

pp 34 . The Delavan lobe'of the Lake Michigan glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and 
associated phenomena, by W. C. Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pis. 
pp 35 . Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern xMaine, by G. O. Smith and David White. 1905. 
107 pp., 6 pis. 

B 243. Cement materials and industry of the United States, by E. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. 

B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northeastern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. 

B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. 
B 249. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp.. 7 pis. 

B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal 
deposit, by G. C. Martin. 1905. 65 pp., 7 pis. 

B 251. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. 
Prindle. 1905. 16 pp., 16 pis. 

WS 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 
96 pp., 4 pis. 

B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 

1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. 

PP 36. The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E.O. Ulrich and W. S. Tangier 
Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 15 pis. 


VI 


SERIES LIST. 


PP 38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district of Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter 
on areal geology, by Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 
1905. 413 pp., 49 pis. 

PP 41. The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 133 pp., 
20 pis. 

B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by 
Waldemar Lindgren and F. L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. 

B 255. The fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pis. (Out of 
stock.) 

B 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. V. Stone. 1905. 
85 pp., 12 pis. 

B 257. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. W. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with 
a chapter on the fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1905. 174 pp., 19 pis. 

PP 42. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spurr. 1905. 295 pp., 24 pis. 

WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by 
C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 194 pp., 24 pis. 

PP 43. The copper deposits of Clifton-Morenci, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 375 pp.,25 pis. 

B 265. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pis. 

B 267. The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. F. Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 52 pp., 1 pi. 

PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch and others. 1905. 
394 pp., 34 pis. 

WS 148. Geology and water resources of Oklahoma, by C. N. Gould. 1905. 178 pp., 22 pis. 

B 270. The configuration of the rock floor of Greater New York, by W. H. Hobbs. 1905. 96 pp., 5 pis. 

B 272. Taconic physiography, by T. M. Dale. 1905. 52 pp., 14 pis. 

PP 45. The geography and geology of Alaska, a summary of existing knowledge, by A. H. Brooks, 
with a section on climate, by Cleveland Abbe, jr., and a topographic map and description 
thereof, by R. M. Goode. 1905. 327 pp., 34 pis. 

B 273. The drumlins of southeastern Wisconsin (preliminary paper), by W. C. Alden. 1905. 46 pp., 
9 pis. 

PP 46. Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas, by 
A. C. Veatch. 1906. 422 pp.., 51 pis. 

PP 49. Geology and mineral resources of part of the Cumberland Gap coal field, Kentucky, by G. H. 

Ashley and L. C. Glenn, in cooperation with the State Geological Department of Kentucky, 
C. J. Norwood, curator. 1906. 239 pp., 40 pis. 

PP 50. The Montana lobe of the Keewatin ice sheet, by F. H. II. Calhoun. 1906. 62 pp., 7 pis. 

B 277. Mineral resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: Gold fields of the Turnagain Arm region, by 
F. H. Moffit; and the coal fields of the Kachemak Bay region, by R. W. Stone. 1906. 80 pp., 
18 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 154. The geology and water resources of the eastern portion of the Panhandle of Texas, by C. N. 
Gould. 1906. 64 pp.,15 pis. 

B 278. Geology and coal resources of the Cape Lisburne region, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1906. 54 
pp., 9 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 279. Mineral resources of the Kittanning and Rural Valley quadrangles, Pennsylvania, by Charles 
Butts. 1906. 198 pp., 11 pis. 

B 280. The Rampart gold placer region, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess. 1906. 54 pp., 7 pis. 
(Out of stock.) 

B 282. Oil fields of the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coastal Plain, by N. M. Fenneman. 1906. 146 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 157. Underground water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Utah, by G. B. Richardson, 
1906. 81 pp., 9 pis. 

PP 51. Geology of the Bighorn Mountains, by N. H. Darton. 1906. 129 pp., 47 pis. 

WS 158. Preliminary report on the geology and underground waters of the Roswell artesian area, 
New Mexico, by C. A. Fisher. 1906. 29 pp., 9 pis. 

PP 52. Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by N. H. Darton. 
1906. 90 pp., 28 pis. 

WS 159. Summary of underground-water resources of Mississippi, by A. F. Crider and L. C. Johnson. 
1906. 86 pp., 6 pis. 

PP 53. Geology and water resources of the Bighorn basin, Wyoming, by Cassius A. Fisher. 1906. 72 
pp., 16 pis. 

B 283. Geology and mineral resources of Mississippi, by A. F. Crider. 1906. 99 pp., 4 pis. 

B 286. Economic geology of the Beaver quadrangle, Pennsylvania (southern Beaver and northwest¬ 
ern Allegheny counties), by L. H. Woolsey. 1906. 132 pp., 8 pis. 

B 287. The Juneau gold belt, Alaska, by A. C. Spencer, and a reconnaissance of Admiralty Island, 
Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1906. 161 pp., 37 pis. 

PP 54. The geology and gold deposits of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by W. Lindgren and 
F. L. Ransome. 1906. 516 pp., 29 pis. 

PP 55. Ore deposits of the Silver Peak quadrangle. Nevada, J. E. Spurr. 1906. 174 pp., 24 pis. 




SERIES LIST. 


VI1 


B 289. A reconnaissance of the Matanuska coal field, Alaska, in 1905, by G. C. Martin. 1906. 36 pp., 

5 pis. 

WS 164. Underground waters of Tennessee and Kentucky west of Tennessee River and of an adjacent 
area in Illinois, by L. C. Glenn. 1906. 173 pp., 7 pis. 

B 293. A reconnaissance of some gold and tin deposits of the southern Appalachians, by L. C. Graton, 
with notes on the Dahlonega mines, by W. Lindgren. 1906. 134 pp., 9 pis. 

B 294. Zinc and lead deposits of the upper Mississippi Valley, by H. Foster Bain. 1906. 155 pp., 
16 pis. 

B 295. The Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, description of Circle quadrangle, by L. M. Prindle. 1906. 
27 pp., 1 pi. 

B 296. Economic geology of the Independence quadrangle, Kansas, by Frank C. Schrader and 
Erasmus Haworth. 1906. 74 pp., 6 pis. 

WS 181. Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California, by Willis T. Lee. 1906. 28 pp., 

6 pis. 

B 297. The Yampa coal field, Routt County, Colo., by N. M. Fenneman, Hoyt S. Gale, and M. R. 
Campbell. 1906. 96 pp.,9 pis. 

B 300. Economic geology of the Amity quadrangle in eastern Washington County, Pa., by F. G. 
Clapp. 1906. 145 pp., 8 pis. 

B 303. Preliminary account of Goldfield, Bullfrog, and other mining districts in southern Nevada, by 

F. L. Ransome, with notes on the Manhattan district, by G. H. Garrey and W. H. Emmons. 
1907. 98 pp.,5 pis. 

B 304. Oil and gas fields of Greene County, Pa., by Ralph W. Stone and Frederick G. Clapp. 1906. 
110 pp., 3 pis. 

WS 188. Water resources of the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico and their development, by W. T. 
Lee. 1906. 59 pp., 10 pis. 

B 306. Rate of recession of Niagara Falls, by G. K. Gilbert, accompanied by a report on the survey of 
the crest, by W. Carvel Hall. 1906. 31 pp., 11 pis. 

PP 56. Geography and Geology of a portion of southwestern Wyoming, with special reference to coal 
and oil, by A. C. Veatch. 1907. —pp., 26 pis. 

B 308. A geologic reconnaissance in southwestern Nevada and eastern California, by S. H. Ball. 1907. 
218 pp., 3 pis. 

B 309. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills, and Los Angeles oil districts, southern California, by 

G. H. Eldridge and Ralph Arnold. 1907. 266 pp., 41 pis. 

PP 57. Geology of the Marysville mining district, Montana, a study of igneous intrusion and contact 
metamorphism, by Joseph Barrell. 1907. 178 pp., 16 pis. 

WS. 191. The geology and water resources of the western portion of the Panhandle of Texas, by C. N. 
Gould. 1907. 70 pp., 7 pis. 

B 311. The green schists and associated granites and porphyries of Rhode Island, by B. K. Emerson 
and J. H. Perry. 1907. 74 pp., 2 pis. 

WS 195. Underground waters of Missouri, their geology and utilization, by Edward Shepard. 1907. 
224 pp., 6 pis. 

WS 199. Underground water in Sanpete and central Sevier valleys, Utah, by G. B. Richardson. 1907. 
63 pp., 6 pis. 

WS 215. Geology and water resources of a portion of the Missouri River Valley in northeastern 
Nebraska, by G. E. Condra. 1907. — pp., 11 pis. 

' WS 216. Geology and water resources of the Republican River Valley in Nebraska and adjacent areas, 
by G. E. Condra. 1907. — pp., 13 pis. 

B 317. Preliminary report on the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara County, Cal., by Ralph 
Arnold and Robert Anderson. 1907. 69 pp., 2 pis. 

B 318. Geology of oil and gas fields in Steubenville, Burgettstown, and Claysville quadrangles, Ohio, 
West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, by W. T. Griswold and M. J. Munn. 1907. 196 pp., 13 pis. 

Correspondence should be addressed to 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 


August, 1907. 


o 



























































































































■ 
































f-B ury elLsto wnj 


LtlcUetowii 


-Ache«i 


aeimaA 
ppu Island 


Kiinsoin s 
^Sohoolbouse 


odlxiti 


40’oo' 

80 ow ----- 

H M Wi I son, Geogra pher. 
aI Robt. D.Cummin, in charge of section. 
f Topography by M. J.Munn.Assistant,E.W McCrary 

Control by D H.Baldwin and B.J. Green. 

Surveyed in 1904- and I905 # . 

SURVEYED IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 


(Ju&er&vuZeJ 

MAP OF (' LAYSEVILLE QUADRANGLE, PA., SHOWING 
OIL WELLS, GAS WELLS, AND STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON TOP OF GORDON SANI) 

Scale tfSttoo 


Woo' 
80*15_ 

Geology by M.J. Munn 
underthe direction of 
MR.Campbell 


% U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. XIII 

80*15 ^ 
40*15' 


(Vjiitouis on top of 
Gkxrd.an sand Dabunplane 
is 2000 feet, below 
seadevel 


80 30 


4C*i< 


Si HI 


LEGEND 


Oil wells 


♦ 1114 ♦ 

, ♦ 

Show of oil 


# 9SO £ 

«■ 


Gas wells 


<■ -0- 

885 


Dry holes 


Note: Green color repre¬ 
sents oil or gas wells getting 
their product from or above 
the Gantz sand. 

Red color represents all 
wells getting their product 
below the Gantz, to and in¬ 
cluding the Gordon sand, 
also numbers for wells dis¬ 
cussed in text, all dry holes 
and wells concerning whose 
production no information 
was obtained. 

Blue color represents wells 
getting their product below 
the Gordon sand. 


Numbered wells are re¬ 
ferred to in the text. 



5 kiloiuetran 


1907 





















































































































































































































80*30' 


( B ur</et.Os 


J4%2 


>,1484 


*432 


1358 


Garrett 


11.Vi 


1418 


j 


1293 


Taylon 


r<»{‘t -‘vs 1 'i ■ •- 


'/*OQ 


iUJfeb» 


v‘ >)<>11 fHioud lt(J 


1130—\ 


14 3 


//5« 


losier 


Ih.m B« 


't&r* 


1128 
J 1125 


* ‘.;"i s m 111 f 




[ooffioi 


SlMliYpmuf 
'T’lTOTHh *ms fc i 


1123 


\1115 


1110k 


fids 


■■- /<« r V 


U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. X , c <>> 


LEGEND 


Coutours on top of 
Upper Washington 
limestone. Datum 
is sea.level 


Elevation above 
sealevel of top of 
Upper Wa sbingtnn 
Dme stone 


Number of beneb 
mark oc »n*e spouding 
to list in appendix 


Note: At points on map 
indicated by green crosses 
the elevation in feet of the 
top of the Upper Washing¬ 
ton limestone above sea 
level is shown by the ac¬ 
companying numbers in 
green. These elevations 
are determined by spirit 
level, either directly upon 
this bed or upon others 
having a known distance 
above or below it. 

The numbers in red cor¬ 
respond to the numbers of 
bench marks described in 
the appendix of the accom¬ 
panying bulletin, from which 
the elevations on the lime- 
0 stone were secured. 


80*30' ENG 

a v ! H M Wi I son, Geogra pher. 

$ Robt D Cummin, in charge of section. 
k Topography by M. J.Munn. Assistant, EL.W. M 
Control by D H Baldwin and B.J.Green. 
Surveyed in 1904- and I9€5. 


MAP OF CLAYSVILLE QUADRANGLE, PA., SHOWING BENCH MARKS ANT) 
STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON TOP OF UPPER WASHINGTON LIMESTONE 


eology fcy M.J.Munn 
nder the direction of 
R.Campbell 


Scale 626oo 


SURVEYED IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 


2 



miles 


x | o l 2 a _4*__ ft kilometers 


Surface contour interval 20 feet. 


Datum 


mean eea. level . 

1907 







































































































































































BULLETIN NO. 318 PL. XII 

v 80'! 5' 


U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


80*30* 


40*15' 


.1120 

} 2580 


1178 


.206 

*2645 






2709 


,110-1 

2706 




40* ob' 


40*oo 


Geology by M.J.Munn 
under th« direction 
M R.Campbell 


Y 2750 

NOTE: The obiect of th*s drawing it to show graphically the amount 
oi variation In the distanoe between the surface beds and the oil sands. 
The smaller numbers, ranging from 34 to 1178, indicate wells repre¬ 
sented on PI. XIII to which reference has been made in the text. The 
larger numDers show the measured distance in feet at these wells between 
the top of the Upper Washington limestone and the top of the Gordon 
sand. The straight lines radiating from these wells are lines on which 
the variations between wells are indicated. The sinuoua lines are sup¬ 
posed to pass through points of equal distance between these beds. 
Wells to which no lines have been drawn are ones that could have been 
used to gmat advantage, had their records been preserved. 

To find the approximate distance to the Gordon sand from any outcrop 


CONVERGENCE SHEET OF CLATSVTELK O VJ)l 
showing distance from tup < >f l 'ppea- Washington aes 

• oil w.-ll n{>*ltajrhftlo 

2805 I)i.sl aiice lit)iu top < >f TTppcir WasL ingUm liiu ' out- 

948 wvil numbers 


of the Upper Washington limestone, first locate the outcrop on Pi. XIM. 
then place this sheet over PI. XIII and note the distance at the located 
point, as indicated by the sinuous linee on this sheet. 































































































































*EM)ENCE ' 

c 949 


Clint on. 


LSlniL*J 


IPSOl 


.rnon 

nt 




North. S' 




DONALD. 
ER WORd 


*4.13 


1200- 


tO 70 - 


:/060 • 


#649 


1*601 


lamd 


Letow# 


ENGRAVED OCT. 1905 BY U.S.G.S. 


U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO 318 PL. IX 


(Beaver) 


80'15' . 

40 30' 


LEGEND 


Contours representing 
top of Hundred foot 
sand 


Gas well in Huu- 
dx’edfoot sand 


Oil well in 
Hundredfocrt sand 


Dry hole in 
Hundredfoot. sand 


Gas well in sands 
above the Hundred 
foot sand 


Gas well in Gordon. 
F ourth.or Fifth 
sand 


()d well in Gordon. 
Fourth.or Fifth 
sand 


1 >i;v he >le in Gordon. 
Fourth-or Fifth 
sand 


. 80 ' 30 


40 30're 




♦ lie 


• 827 


0830 


#612 


• 717 


■40 IS 


80* 15' 


80*30’ 

A H. M .Wilson, Geographer 

R.D.Cummin, in charge of section 

Topography by M.J. Munn. Assistants, E.W.Me Crary 
and J.H.Wilkie 

Control by D.H.Baldwin and W.T.Griswold 
Surveyed in 1904. 

SURVEYED IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 


iClaysville } 

MAP OF HUIUrETTSTOWN 0UADRANGLE. PA., SHOWING OIL. WELLS, 

GAS WELL.S,AND STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON TOP OF HUNDRED FOOT SAND 

Scale fl4S6o 

•3 


Geology by W.T.Griswold. 
under the direction of 
MR.Campbell 


k miles 


5 tiloin**ti-a'H 


1907 























































































































































































































































NOTE: The object of this drawing is to ihow graphically the amount of 
variation in the distance between the surface bed* and the oil aanda. 
Theamaller numbers, ranging from 114 to 906. indicate wells represented 
on PI. IX to which reference has been made in the text. The larger 
numbers show the measured distance in feet at these wells between 
the base of the Pittsburg coal and the top of the Hundred-foot sand. 
The straight lines radiating from those wells are lines on which the varia¬ 
tions between wells are indicated. The sinuous lines are supposed to 
pass through points of eaual distance between these beds. 

To find the approximate distanco to the Hundred-foot sand from any 
outcrop of the Pittsburg coal, first locate the outcrop on PI. IX, then 
place this sheet over P'.. IX and note the distance at the located point, 
as indicated by the sinuous lines on this sheet 



r cNVKJtGE'Nr.K SHEET OF H UIUVKTTSTOWN ( IAJ >KAXGEE,PESOS’SYLVANTA. 
showing distancelrom base olPrtislmrg eoaltr i jpoi' Hundredrfoot. sand 

• CHI walls 

1830 Distam!!' iraui taae (tf co«l fu top ■ 

627 Well mi ui tiers 


SO - 16' 

Geology by WT.Griswold. 
under the direction of 
MR.Campbell 


j&s 


Wm 



foot staid 





































































































(■&ff}Auaqni>j.s ) 


^ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BULLETIN NO 318 PL.VII 








J19T: 


LEGEND 


7k\y 

(r'lixitOU/ 


nas 


Contours showing 
elevation above sea 
level of base of 
Pittsburg coal 




y iyw “ ^ 
Fra tilt tin-^ 


il&i 


Vck#vibC 


1220 


Elevations above 
s ea level of base of 
Pittsburg coal as shown 
byouterop of some 
' known stratum 


.11 si 


%1130 


.'SOI 


1147 


O-rd 


1130 

bzT* 


114*1 


li 2 a 


1214 


Number of bench 
mark corresponding 
to list in appendix 


tier 


1143 


1174, 


f /Warriors 
Point i_s 


1145 




VnClj; 


' 1142 , 


114+ 


■1223 
2 83 


mi 


nP^Jt 

Lu9o K t$y>$i 


lj39 


* North Si 

JSfa* Bj0 


■ \ l; 

&*^tLCe *>. 

sHTH 


114ft 




J M3 


1140 


1103 


I iso 


V~M£ OONALO 
WATERWORKS 




U20\ 


1120 


1094 


1119* 


l ISO 


1122 J 


itf*9 


/ Wv 


1003 


1(39 


It## 


1002 


tOOH 


11 U 


1091 


■ -j shiUr^ 


(71 OS# 


1040 


Mofj 

71012 


S/yi«8 


Ifll jKOA 

J 


Any* 


£1044 


SO 3 


JOSO 


■)cbO} 


ff49* V 

fots'S i 


r 300 


MXy7j 


1003 


1 3 j 
900 A 


Hi<‘kol*v 


1014 


■JOCiO 




tie. \// 

io/iWiosi 




ton 


WOO 


• 'Imvii 


J/£x 


•1000, 


^2500 


'N't 


in* 

V' 

//!/},' 7/r/l _ 

A\| 

1--^ .7 25jX 

o *—t 

4 _»#«—j7*!T 







SURVEYED IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 


1 5 O l_ 8 _ 3 _imiles 

^ i O 1 2 3 i_ _K kilnmctexs 


Surface contour interval 20 feet 
Datum is mean sea level 


1907 
































































































































%, U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

80" 45' 

40" 30'[| 


BULLETIN NO 318 PL. VI \f 

80" 30' 

4-0" 30’ 


LEGEND 


(’ocutoiirs on top ol’ 
Berea oil saurl. 
Datum lOOO feet. Below 
sea.level 





ENGRAVED APR '904 BY _ 

R 2 W 

yP' Jno-H.Renshawe, Geographer in charge 
$ T*riangulation by W.T. Gr iswold. 

Topography by Chas. E Cooke. 


.. surveyed in 1902 in cooperation with the states 

7* OF OHIO. WEST VIRGINIA.AND PENNSYLVANIA 


4 - 0 ' (W7L&e. I ing) 

MAP OF STEUBENVILLE QUADRANGLE. OHIO W.VA.PA, SHOWING 
OIL WELLS, GAS WELLS, ANT) STRUCTURE CONTOURS ON TOP OF BEREA OI L SAND 

SoaJe 62500 

1 2 o _ 1 _— 


-lAO*i5' 
80*3»T 

Geology by W.T.Griswold. 
jnderthe direction of 
M R Campbell 


** miles 


T=T T 


Surfaiie contour interval 20 feet 
Datum is nvsaa sea is vs/ 

1907 





























































































































































































































U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

8 0"'.5 ' 

W.W 


qutadramjle 


SULir/HN NO. 318 PL V 

v 80*30' 

_rJ3h~* -7-7-7-1 iVCr 30' 



40*15' 


80 4-5 NOTE: The object of this drawing is to show graphically the amount of 
variation in the distance between the surface beds and the oil sands 
The smaller numbers, ranging from 10 to 514. indicate wells represented 
on PI. VI to which reference has been made in the text. The larger 
numbers show the measured distance in feet at these wells between 
the base of the Pittsburg coal and the top of the Berea oil sand. The 
straight lines radiating from these wells are lines on which the variations 
between wells are indicated. The sinuous lines are supposed to pass 
through points of equal distance between these beds. Wells to which 
no lines have been drawn are ones that could have been used to great 
advantage, had their records been preserved. To find the approximate 
distance to the Berea oil sand from any outcrop of the Pittsburg coal, 
first locate the outcrop on PI. VI. then place this sheet over PI. VI and 
note the distance at the ‘ocated point, as indicated by the sinuous lines 
on this sheet. 


OXVEHGKXCE SHEET OF STEUBENVILLE n UAJ VKANGI.E, OHIO W.VA.PA. 
showing distances from base of Pittsburg boa to top of Berea. oil sand 

• Oil -well ■$- Diy hole • las w» i] ♦ Show-i*t oil 


80" jo’ 
Geology by W T. Griswold, 
under the direction of 
M R Campbell 


illll 


1654 Distance from base of’ Httsbiir^ coal tr t ► j» oi Berea oaf aand 
490 Well numbers 













■ . -v. ' ll V 

A* i v Ov. * 

* TV#-.", -y* 

•V ■ 


I- ■ i .•£ • 







































































































' 


V* 



1105 


KuVivv il 


ita» 




%> ' / •ip 36 


a,i4o. 


x*Mw/r 

THw 


11971313 


1207 


1171 , 


11781 


•uoct 


r:t) 


T I N 


Ln zonryilJ'fK' • /■ 


25 


. V 

80 30' 

40“ 30' 


LEGEND 


lO.H.RensE 


r ’g e 


SURVEYED IN 1902 IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATES 
OF OHIO. WEST VI RGl N I A, A N D PENNSYLVANIA 


40 ( JWis'4*lijuj) 35 

MAP OF STEUBENVILLE QUAD KAN G LE. OHIO W.VA. PA., SHOWING 
KEY HORIZON (BASE OF PITTSBURG COAL) AND LOCATION OF BENCH MARKS 

Scale A 2&00 


40* 15' 
80*30], 

Geology by W.T.GnswoId, O* 
under the direction of ci. 

M.R.Campbel I 


Note HVi//y symbols art 
uiulerscored the eleva 
tinns art measured di 
reetly on the Pi tie bury 
coal All others are corn 
putsd. /frown other beds 


*%, U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

80’ 45' 

40*30' 


(\VeLLs'vLlL&) R I w 


Contours on base of 
Pittsburg coal.Datum 
i s mean sea.level 


1052 


Mines 

f Num be.rs show eleva¬ 
tion. of Pittsbura 
coal above sea level) 

|- 

X 1056 


Prospects 

(Numbers show eleva 
turn of Pittsbura 
coal above sea level) 


Number of bench 
mark corresponding 
to list in appendix 


M l=*-t=T—T 


o 


Surface contour interval 20 feel 
Datum is mean eea level 
1907 


5 kilometers 




































































































































































































































































